Showing papers by "Kenneth M. Carpenter published in 1999"
TL;DR: The DSM-IV alcohol dependence and no-diagnosis comparisons were most consistent with the predictions of a risk-factor model, providing further evidence that drinking to cope with negative affect may have an etiological role in development of alcohol dependence.
Abstract: Objective: Previous studies of drinking motives have demonstrated greater levels of drinking to cope with negative affect among problem drinkers relative to nonproblem drinkers. These findings suggest that the use of alcohol to cope with negative affect may place individuals at greater risk for the development of alcohol problems. However, several alternative explanations exist, each with different intervention implications. This study evaluated three alternative explanations or models: risk-factor, generalizing, and epiphenomena. A cross-sectional design was used to compare levels of self-reported drinking to cope with negative affect between individuals who had current DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and those who did not. Method: Participants consisted of a sample of community residents (N = 777, 55% men). All participants completed an in-person structured psychiatric interview and a self-report questionnaire assessing alcohol use, drinking motives, depressive affect, and negative alcohol consequences. Re...
194 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that under the conditions investigated, the method of excluding early deaths does not reliably or substantially reduce bias due to confounding introduced by occult disease.
49 citations
TL;DR: The purpose of the present study was to propose a systematic theoretical model by combining theories of gender stereotype formation and maintenance with research investigating perceptions of homosexuality, and found that the sex and gender role characteristics of the participant influenced perceptions of the gender role attributes and homosexuality of the target person.
Abstract: There is a long history linking gender role conformity to perceived homosexuality. However, the lack of a systematic theoretical model hinders the elucidation of the interrelationships among gender stereotypes, conformity to gender stereotypes, and perceived homosexuality, as well as other factors which may mediate these relationships. The purpose of the present study was to propose such a model by combining theories of gender stereotype formation and maintenance with research investigating perceptions of homosexuality. Specifically, this study examined college students' perceptions of gender role characteristics in male and female adult target persons and these students' perceptions of the likelihood that the targets were homosexual. Path analysis demonstrated that the sex and occupation of the target person were significantly related to perceived masculinity, femininity, and homosexuality of the target person. Furthermore, individual differences in these relationships were observed, indicating ...
37 citations
TL;DR: The presence of other adult heavy drinkers in a household increased the risk of persistence of alcohol dependence in this community sample, and alcohol dependence was significantly more likely to be persistent among subjects with at-risk drinking among household members.
Abstract: Objective: Little is known about the effects of contextual factors on the chronicity of alcohol dependence in the general population. Many adults in the United States live with others in a wide range of relationships. The drinking of household members was investigated as a potential risk factor for persistence of DSM-IV alcohol dependence in a prospective study of household residents. Method: At-risk drinking (five or more drinks on at least one occasion) in adult household members living with respondents was assessed at the time of the baseline interview for the index subjects in the study (N = 128; 56% men) who lived with other adults and who met DSM-IV criteria for current alcohol dependence. Index subjects' drinking and demographic variables were also measured at baseline. Approximately 1 year later, follow-up interviews determined the status of alcohol dependence in the 128 subjects. Results: Alcohol dependence was significantly more likely to be persistent among subjects with at-risk drinking among ...
5 citations