Kevin W. Manning

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the objectives of community efforts in improving the Noah land surface model (LSM), documents, through mathematical formulations, the augmented conceptual realism in biophysical and hydrological processes, and introduces a framework for multiple options to parameterize selected processes (Noah•MP).

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the sensitivity of winter precipitation to various aspects of a bulk, mixed-phase microphysical parameterization found in three widely used mesoscale models [the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5), the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC), and the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model].

TL;DR: The authors developed an integrated urban modelling system coupled to the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model as a community tool to address urban environmental issues, which can capture urban heat islands, complex boundary-layer structures aloft, and urban plume T&D for several major metropolitan regions.

TL;DR: The radio occultation (RO) technique, which makes use of radio signals transmitted by the global positioning system (GPS) satellites, has emerged as a powerful and relatively inexpensive approach for sounding the global atmosphere with high precision, accuracy, and vertical resolution in all weather and over both land and ocean as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this paper, the augmented Noah land surface model described in the first part of the two-part series was evaluated over global river basins across various climate zones, across various weather zones, and in addition, global-scale tests can reveal a model's weaknesses and strengths that a local-scale testing cannot.