Krystyna Klimaszewska

TL;DR: It is expected that rapid development in the fields of research areas discussed in this review will over time eliminate the problem of recalcitrance in many instances where it is currently prevalent.

TL;DR: Results indicate that in Pinus strobus the water status and possibly other medium characteristics that are influenced by increased concentration of gelling agent have stimulatory effects on maturation of somatic embryos.

TL;DR: In both species, maturation of a large number of somatic embryos was greatly improved on medium containing high concentration of gellan gum (Gelrite 10 g l−1) and abscisic acid (60 μM) and this represents a significant improvement in plantlet recovery from somatics embryos of both species.

TL;DR: Somatic embryogenesis (SE) initiation in Pinus strobus was optimized by the manipulation of plant growth regulator (PGR) concentrations in the culture medium, indicating that optimized initiation protocol also enhanced somatic embryo production.

TL;DR: Improvements and simplifications of SE protocols in Pinus pinaster (Ait), a species of economic importance in the regions of Western Europe, are described including high initiation frequencies in eight control pollinated seed families, relatively high somatic embryo maturation yield when cells were coated with particles of activated charcoal and a rapid production of plants directly in a shade house.