L.P. Wessels

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of temperature, membrane type, membrane orientation, type and concentration of draw solution was investigated to optimize forward osmosis (FO) membrane performance using deionised water.

TL;DR: The Membrane Fouling Simulator (MFS) as mentioned in this paper uses the same materials as spiral wound reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes, has similar dimensions and hydrodynamic behaviour and is equipped with a sight glass.

TL;DR: The removal of NOM fractions, specifically humic substances, increased with an increase in water content of the investigated IEX resins and with a decrease in resin size, and the best-performing Iex resins consisted of the smallest resin and/or those with the highest water content.

TL;DR: In this paper, both daily air/water cleaning (AWC) and daily copper sulphate dosing (CSD) were investigated and compared to a reference without daily cleaning, which was considered very successful in controlling particulate fouling and biofouling.

TL;DR: In this paper, the Membrane Fouling Simulator (MFS) is used to quantify and characterize bio-fouling by measuring pressure drop, non-destructive observations using the sight glass and analysis of coupons sampled from the membrane sheet in the MFS.