Water pollution caused by heavy metal ions is becoming a serious threat to human and aquatic lives day by day. Therefore, the treatment of heavy metal ions is of special concern for environmental scientists and engineers. Historically, various methods, such as physical and chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, membrane filtration, electrochemical treatment, solvent extraction, and adsorption, have been widely studied for the removal of these metal ions from aqueous/wastewater. However, over the past few decades, conducting polymer-based adsorbents have received considerable attention owing to their potential applications for different heavy metal ions especially Cr(VI), Zn(II), and Pb(II). Among the various conducting polymers, polypyrrole (PPy) based adsorbents play a major role for the removal of various heavy metal ions due to their ease of synthesis, biocompatibility and redox properties. The current review has mainly focused on the physico-chemical properties, adsorption characteristics and mechanism of different polypyrrole-based adsorbents, including PPy/biosorbents, PPy/Fe3O4 nanocomposites, PPy–polyaniline nanofibers, PPy–graphene nanocomposites, exfoliated PPy-organically modified clay nanocomposites, and hierarchical porous PPy-nanoclusters, as well as their applications towards the removal of heavy metal ions.

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The removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater/aqueous solution using polypyrrole-based adsorbents: a review

High-efficiency electrochemical degradation of phenol in aqueous solutions using Ni-PPy and Cu-PPy composite materials.

High-efficiency electrochemical degradation of phenol in aqueous solutions using Ni-PPy and Cu-PPy composite materials

Biosorption of heavy metals by microorganisms: Evaluation of different underlying mechanisms.

Polypyrrole coated oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (oMWCNT/Ppy) were applied to determine the adsorption characteristics of Pb(II) and Cu(II) from their aqueous solutions. Structural and morp...

Efficient adsorption of lead (II) and copper (II) from aqueous phase using oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole composite

In this work, electroactive polypyrrole (PPy) particles obtained by oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in acetonitrile were used to remove cadmium and cobalt ions from aqueous solutions. FTIR, cyclic voltammetry (CV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and conductivity measurements were applied to analyze cadmium and cobalt interaction with the synthesized polymer. Kinetic data were properly fitted with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The equilibrium data fitted very well to the Langmuir model with a maximum monolayer capacity of 71.4 and 70.04 mg/g, respectively for cadmium(II) and cobalt(II) ions. The metals uptake increases with an increase in solution temperature. Indeed we noted that, the polypyrrole particles plays two beneficial roles: (1) to remove heavy metals from aqueous solutions and (2) this latter served as doping agent for the polypyrrole particles.

Removal of Cd(II) and Co(II) ions from aqueous solutions by polypyrrole particles: Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics

This work reports on the preparation of an electrode material based on polyaniline (PAni) thin film, with an average thickness of 100 nm, containing copper (Cu) microparticles dispersed on its surface. The prepared electrode material was employed as a sensor for glucose determination in alkaline medium. A two-step electrochemical process was used to synthesize the Cu–PAni composite films: First, PAni layer was deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate from an organic solution of the aniline under potensiostaic conditions. Secondly, Cu particles were electrodeposited on PAni/ITO surface from a separate aqueous solution by chronoamperometry technique. The morphology analysis of the Cu–PAni composites shows that the copper particles are visible like stars uniformly dispersed over the polymer surface. XRD patterns shows that the PAni film is amorphous whereas copper is polycrystalline. Examined by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques, the response to glucose of the Cu–PAni/ITO electrode shows good performance in 0.1 M NaOH solution.

Enzyme-Free Glucose Sensor Based on Star-Like Copper Particles-Polyaniline Composite Film

A two-step process was used to prepare a nickel-polyaniline nanocomposite (Ni (NPs)-PANI). The first step consisted of the electrodeposition of polyaniline (PANI) in the form of thin films on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates from a solution of aniline, lithium perchlorate, and sulfuric acid at a pH of 0.5. In the next step, the obtained Ni (NPs) were deposed in this polyaniline films. The structural, morphological, and electrocatalytic properties of the prepared nanocomposites were then investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the cubic structure of the nanocomposites, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated the existence of nickel and polyaniline in the prepared nanocomposites. Morphological analysis carried out through SEM revealed that the nanocomposites exhibit uniform dispersion of nickel nanoparticles into the polyaniline matrix. Amperometry and cyclic voltammetry were employed to investigate the electrocatalytic glucose oxidation behavior of the nanocomposite electrode in the alkaline medium. The prepared nickel-polyaniline nanocomposite electrode exhibited high sensitivity (278.8 µA mM−1 cm−2) in a range from 0.02 to 1 mM at a sufficiently fast response time of 3 s and a low glucose detection limit of 1 µM (S/N = 3). A cost-effective and straightforward synthesis procedure to prepare Ni (NPs)-PANI nanocomposite would make this material an efficient glucose sensor with appropriate stability, higher reproducibility, and excellent sensitivity.

Lamria Seid

Papers

High-efficiency electrochemical degradation of phenol in aqueous solutions using Ni-PPy and Cu-PPy composite materials.

Removal of Cd(II) and Co(II) ions from aqueous solutions by polypyrrole particles: Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics

Enzyme-Free Glucose Sensor Based on Star-Like Copper Particles-Polyaniline Composite Film

Elaboration and Characterization of Ni (NPs)-PANI Hybrid Material by Electrodeposition for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensing

Synthesis and characterization of ferromagnetic polyaniline-cobalt chloride composite through in situ oxidative polymerization technique