Isogenic strain construction and gene mapping in Candida albicans.

The controversy related to the environment pollution is increasing in human life and in the eco-system. Especially, the water pollution is growing rapidly due to the wastewater discharge from the industries. The only way to find the new water resource is the reuse of treated wastewater. Several remediation technologies are available which provides a convenience to reuse the reclaimed wastewater. Heavy metals like Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Hg, etc. contributes various environmental problems based on their toxicity. These toxic metals are exposed to human and environment, the accumulation of ions takes place which causes serious health and environmental hazards. Hence, it is a major concern in the environment. Due to this concern, the significance of developing technology for removing heavy metals has been increased. This paper contributes the outline of new literature with two objectives. First, it provides the sketch about treatment technologies followed by their heavy metal capture capacity from industrial effluent. The treatment performance, their remediation capacity and probable environmental and health impacts were deliberated in this review article. Conclusively, this review paper furnishes the information about the important methods incorporated in lab scale studies which are required to identify the feasible and convenient wastewater treatment. Moreover, attempts have been made to confer the emphasis on sequestration of heavy metals from industrial effluent and establish the scientific background for reducing the discharge of heavy metals into the environment.

Efficient techniques for the removal of toxic heavy metals from aquatic environment: A review

A comprehensive review on biosorption of heavy metals by algal biomass: Materials, performances, chemistry, and modeling simulation tools

Mining activities can lead to the generation of large quantities of heavy metal laden wastes which are released in an uncontrolled manner, causing widespread contamination of the ecosystem Though some heavy metals classified as essential are important for normal life physiological processes, higher concentrations above stipulated levels have deleterious effects on human health and biota Bacteria able to withstand high concentrations of these heavy metals are found in the environment as a result of various inherent biochemical, physiological, and/or genetic mechanisms These mechanisms can serve as potential tools for bioremediation of heavy metal polluted sites This review focuses on the effects of heavy metal wastes generated from gold mining activities on the environment and the various mechanisms used by bacteria to counteract the effect of these heavy metals in their immediate environment

Heavy Metal Pollution from Gold Mines: Environmental Effects and Bacterial Strategies for Resistance.

Microorganism remediation strategies towards heavy metals.

Removal of hexavalent chromium by heat inactivated fungal biomass of Termitomyces clypeatus: Surface characterization and mechanism of biosorption

Significant studies on phospholipases optimization, characterization, physiological role and industrial potential have been conducted worldwide. Some of them have been directed for biotechnological advances such as gene discovery and functional enhancement by protein engineering. Others reported phospholipases as virulence factor and major cause of pathophysiological effects. A general overview on phospholipase is needed for the identification of new reliable and efficient phospholipase, which would be potentially used in number of industrial and medical applications. Phospholipases catalyse the hydrolysis of one or more ester and phosphodiester bonds of glycerophospholipids. They vary in site of action on phospholipid which can be used industrially for modification/production of new phospholipids. Catalytically active phospholipase mainly use phosphatidylcholine as major substrate, but they can also show specificity with other phospholipids. Several accurate phospholipase assay methods are known, but a rapid and reliable method for high-throughput screening is still a challenge for efficient supply of superior phospholipases and their practical applications. Major application of phospholipase is in industries like oil refinery, health food manufacturing, dairy, cosmetics etc. All types of phospholipases can be involved as virulence factor. They can also be used as diagnostic markers for microbial infection. The importance of phospholipase in virulence is proven and inhibitors of the enzyme can be used as candidate for preventing the associated disease.

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Recent Progress on Phospholipases: Different Sources, Assay Methods, Industrial Potential and Pathogenicity

BACKGROUND

Bioremediation using enzymes has become an attractive approach for removing hazardous chemicals from the environment. The present study investigated the production, optimization and applications of an extracellular alkaline protease (AkP) from the edible mushroom Termitomyces clypeatus focusing on bioremediation.



RESULTS

For optimized enzyme production, the variables significantly influencing the protease activity were screened through the 11 factorial Plackett–Burman design. The optimum values of the selected variables and their mutual interactions were determined through response surface methodology using the Box–Behnken experimental design. Overall a 10-fold increase in enzyme activity (1830 U mL-1) was obtained which closely matched the yield predicted by the statistical model (1778.63 U mL-1) with R2 = 0.9819. AkP could efficiently dehair the goat skin, detached bird feather vanes from its shaft and reduce BOD, COD and pH of tannery waste effluent. The AkP also demonstrated bactericidal property against Staphylococcus aureus as detected by MIC and flow cytometry analyses.



CONCLUSION

As an ecofriendly alternative, the enzyme showed significant promise for bioremediation and industrial applications through time-saving bioprocesses. This is first report of alkaline protease from T. clypeatus or from a fungal source with wide-ranging application potential. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

Bioremediation by alkaline protease (AkP) from edible mushroom Termitomyces clypeatus: optimization approach based on statistical design and characterization for diverse applications

Chemical pretreatment of Termitomyces clypeatus biomass with acids (HCl, acetic, phosphoric and oxalic), calcium chloride, formaldehyde and ammonium persulfate enhanced the Cr(VI) biosorption efficiency to 100% (at pH 5.0-7.0). Removal efficiency of other metals (Cr, Ni, Fe, As, Cu, Zn, Co and Pb) ranged from 40-100%. The pretreated biomass removed Cr and other metals from the tannery effluent to the permissible limit without adjusting the pH. FTIR study showed involvement of functional groups (amides, carboxyl and phosphate) of the biomass in biosorption process. Novelty of the pretreatment was removal of chromium at pH 5 to pH 7, whereas known biosorbents are known to adsorb Cr(VI) only under strong acidic condition (pH 2-4).

Lata Ramrakhiani

Papers

Removal of hexavalent chromium by heat inactivated fungal biomass of Termitomyces clypeatus: Surface characterization and mechanism of biosorption

Recent Progress on Phospholipases: Different Sources, Assay Methods, Industrial Potential and Pathogenicity

Bioremediation by alkaline protease (AkP) from edible mushroom Termitomyces clypeatus: optimization approach based on statistical design and characterization for diverse applications

Effect of pretreatment on hexavalent chromium biosorption and multimetal biosorption efficiency of termitomyces clypeatus biomass

Heavy metal recovery from electroplating effluent using adsorption by jute waste-derived biochar for soil amendment and plant micro-fertilizer