This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.

Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging domain that promises ubiquitous connection to the Internet, turning common objects into connected devices. The IoT paradigm is changing the way people interact with things around them. It paves the way for creating pervasively connected infrastructures to support innovative services and promises better flexibility and efficiency. Such advantages are attractive not only for consumer applications, but also for the industrial domain. Over the last few years, we have been witnessing the IoT paradigm making its way into the industry marketplace with purposely designed solutions. In this paper, we clarify the concepts of IoT, Industrial IoT, and Industry 4.0. We highlight the opportunities brought in by this paradigm shift as well as the challenges for its realization. In particular, we focus on the challenges associated with the need of energy efficiency, real-time performance, coexistence, interoperability, and security and privacy. We also provide a systematic overview of the state-of-the-art research efforts and potential research directions to solve Industrial IoT challenges.

Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions

Low power wide area (LPWA) networks are attracting a lot of attention primarily because of their ability to offer affordable connectivity to the low-power devices distributed over very large geographical areas. In realizing the vision of the Internet of Things, LPWA technologies complement and sometimes supersede the conventional cellular and short range wireless technologies in performance for various emerging smart city and machine-to-machine applications. This review paper presents the design goals and the techniques, which different LPWA technologies exploit to offer wide-area coverage to low-power devices at the expense of low data rates. We survey several emerging LPWA technologies and the standardization activities carried out by different standards development organizations (e.g., IEEE, IETF, 3GPP, ETSI) as well as the industrial consortia built around individual LPWA technologies (e.g., LoRa Alliance, Weightless-SIG, and Dash7 alliance). We further note that LPWA technologies adopt similar approaches, thus sharing similar limitations and challenges. This paper expands on these research challenges and identifies potential directions to address them. While the proprietary LPWA technologies are already hitting the market with large nationwide roll-outs, this paper encourages an active engagement of the research community in solving problems that will shape the connectivity of tens of billions of devices in the next decade.

Low Power Wide Area Networks: An Overview

The Internet of Things vision: Key features, applications and open issues

https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/preview/871355/IoT5m.pdf

5G Internet of Things: A survey

The IoT paradigm holds the promise to revolutionize the way we live and work by means of a wealth of new services, based on seamless interactions between a large amount of heterogeneous devices. After decades of conceptual inception of the IoT, in recent years a large variety of communication technologies has gradually emerged, reflecting a large diversity of application domains and of communication requirements. Such heterogeneity and fragmentation of the connectivity landscape is currently hampering the full realization of the IoT vision, by posing several complex integration challenges. In this context, the advent of 5G cellular systems, with the availability of a connectivity technology, which is at once truly ubiquitous, reliable, scalable, and cost-efficient, is considered as a potentially key driver for the yet-to emerge global IoT. In the present paper, we analyze in detail the potential of 5G technologies for the IoT, by considering both the technological and standardization aspects. We review the present-day IoT connectivity landscape, as well as the main 5G enablers for the IoT. Last but not least, we illustrate the massive business shifts that a tight link between IoT and 5G may cause in the operator and vendors ecosystem.

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Internet of Things in the 5G Era: Enablers, Architecture, and Business Models

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents the current technology revolution that is intended to transform the current environment into a more pervasive and ubiquitous world. In this emerging ecosystem, the application of standard security technologies has to cope with the inherent nature of constrained physical devices, which are seamlessly integrated into the Internet infrastructure. This work proposes a set of lightweight authentication and authorization mechanisms in order to support smart objects during their life cycle. Furthermore, such mechanisms are framed within a proposed security framework, which is compliant with the Architectural Reference Model , recently presented by the EU FP7 IoT-A project. The resulting architecture is intended to provide a holistic security approach to be leveraged in the design of novel and lightweight security protocols for IoT constrained environments.

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Toward a Lightweight Authentication and Authorization Framework for Smart Objects

The public IPv4 address space managed by IANA (http://www.iana.org) has been completely depleted by Feb 1st, 2011. This creates by itself an interesting challenge when adding new things and enabling new services on the Internet. Without public IP addresses, the Internet of Things capabilities would be greatly reduced. Most discussions about IoT have been based on the illusionary assumption that the IP address space is an unlimited resource or it is even taken for granted that IP is like oxygen produced for free by nature. Hopefully, the next generation of Internet Protocol, also known as IPv6 brings a solution. In early 90s, IPv6 was designed by the IETF IPng (Next Generation) Working Group and promoted by the same experts within the IPv6 Forum since 1999. Expanding the IPv4 protocol suite with larger address space and defining new capabilities restoring end to end connectivity, and end to end services, several IETF working groups have worked on many deployment scenarios with transition models to interact with IPv4 infrastructure and services. They have also enhanced a combination of features that were not tightly designed or scalable in IPv4 like IP mobility, ad hoc services; etc catering for the extreme scenario where IP becomes a commodity service enabling lowest cost networking deployment of large scale sensor networks, RFID, IP in the car, to any imaginable scenario where networking adds value to commodity. For that reason, IPv6 makes feasible the new conception of extending Internet to Everything. IPv6 spreads the addressing space in order to support all the emerging Internet-enabled devices. In addition, IPv6 has been designed to provide secure communications to users and mobility for all devices attached to the user; thereby users can always be connected. This work provides an overview of our experiences addressing the challenges in terms of connectivity, reliability, security and mobility of the Internet of Things through IPv6 in order to reach the Internet of Everything. This describes the key challenges, how they have been solved with IPv6, and finally presents the future works and vision that describe the roadmap of the Internet of Everything in order to reach an interoperable, trustable, mobile, distributed, valuable, and powerful enabler for emerging applications such as Smarter Cities, Human Dynamics, Cyber-Physical Systems, Smart Grid, Green Networks, Intelligent Transport Systems, and ubiquitous healthcare.

/pdf/the-internet-of-everything-through-ipv6-an-analysis-of-39m34hjqqn.pdf

The Internet of Everything through IPv6: An Analysis of Challenges, Solutions and Opportunities.

Over the last few years, the evolution of network and user handsets’ technologies, have challenged the telecom industry and the Internet ecosystem. Especially, the unprecedented progress of multimedia streaming services like YouTube, Vimeo and DailyMotion resulted in an impressive demand growth and a significant need of Quality of Service (QoS) (e.g., high data rate, low latency/jitter, etc.). Mainly, numerous difficulties are to be considered while delivering a specific service, such as a strict QoS, human-centric features, massive number of devices, heterogeneous devices and networks, and uncontrollable environments. Thenceforth, the concept of Quality of Experience (QoE) is gaining visibility, and tremendous research efforts have been spent on improving and/or delivering reliable and added-value services, at a high user experience. In this paper, we present the importance of QoE in wireless and mobile networks (4G, 5G, and beyond), by providing standard definitions and the most important measurement methods developed. Moreover, we exhibit notable enhancements and controlling approaches proposed by researchers to meet the user expectation in terms of service experience.

Quality of Experience for Streaming Services: Measurements, Challenges and Insights

IoT6 is a research project on the future Internet of Things It aims at exploiting the potential of IPv6 and related standards to overcome current shortcomings and fragmentation of the Internet of Things The main challenges and objectives of IoT6 are to research, design and develop a highly scalable IPv6-based Service-Oriented Architecture to achieve interoperability, mobility, cloud computing integration and intelligence distribution among heterogeneous smart things components, applications and services The present article starts by a short introduction on IPv6 capabilities for the Internet of Things and information on the current deployment of IPv6 in the world It continues with a presentation of the IoT6 architecture model and its concept of service discovery Finally, it illustrates the potential of such IPv6-based architecture by presenting the integration of building automation components using legacy protocols

Latif Ladid

Papers

Internet of Things in the 5G Era: Enablers, Architecture, and Business Models

Toward a Lightweight Authentication and Authorization Framework for Smart Objects

The Internet of Everything through IPv6: An Analysis of Challenges, Solutions and Opportunities.

Quality of Experience for Streaming Services: Measurements, Challenges and Insights

IoT6 – Moving to an IPv6-Based Future IoT