ACE
: angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACS
: acute coronary syndrome
ADP
: adenosine diphosphate
AF
: atrial fibrillation
AMI
: acute myocardial infarction
AV
: atrioventricular
AIDA-4
: Abciximab Intracoronary vs. intravenously Drug Application
APACHE II
: Acute Physiology Aand Chronic

/pdf/esc-guidelines-for-the-management-of-acute-myocardial-vy5rt9aiqe.pdf

ESC Guidelines for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting With ST-Segment Elevation

Advances in antithrombotic therapy, along with an early invasive strategy, have reduced the incidence of recurrent ischemic events and death in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS; unstable angina, non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction [MI], and ST-segment–elevation MI).1,–,4 However, the combination of multiple pharmacotherapies, including aspirin, platelet P2Y12 inhibitors, heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, direct thrombin inhibitors, and the increasing use of invasive procedures, has also been associated with an increased risk of bleeding.

Editorial see p 2664

Bleeding complications have been associated with an increased risk of subsequent adverse outcomes, including MI, stroke, stent thrombosis, and death, in patients with ACS and in those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI),5,–,10 as well as in the long-term antithrombotic setting.11,12 Thus, balancing the anti-ischemic benefits against the bleeding risk of antithrombotic agents and interventions is of paramount importance in assessing new therapies and in managing patients. Prior randomized trials comparing antithrombotic agents suggest that a reduction in bleeding events is associated with improved survival.13,14

Because prevention of major bleeding may represent an important step in improving outcomes by balancing safety and efficacy in the contemporary treatment of ACS, bleeding events have been systematically identified as a crucial end point for the assessment of the safety of drugs during the course of randomized clinical trials, and are an important aspect of the evaluation of new devices and interventional therapies.15 Unlike ischemic clinical events (eg, cardiac death, MI, stent thrombosis), for which there is now general consensus on end-point definitions,16,17 there is substantial heterogeneity among the many bleeding definitions currently in use. Lack of standardization makes it difficult to optimally organize key clinical trial processes such as adjudication, and even more difficult to interpret relative …

Standardized Bleeding Definitions for Cardiovascular Clinical Trials A Consensus Report From the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium

Alice K. Jacobs, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair 

Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair-Elect 

Nancy Albert, PhD, CCNS, CCRN, FAHA

Mark A. Creager, MD, FACC, FAHA

Steven M. Ettinger, MD, FACC

Robert A. Guyton, MD, FACC

Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA

Judith S. Hochman, MD, FACC, FAHA

2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions

http://www.botonimarco.it/files/linee_guida_2011_accf_aha_scai_percutaneus_coronar.pdf

2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

https://www.medpagetoday.com/upload/2012/8/1/06017.pdf

Radial Versus Femoral Randomized Investigation in ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome The RIFLE-STEACS (Radial Versus Femoral Randomized Investigation in ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) Study

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(09)61484-7.pdf

Bivalirudin in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (HORIZONS-AMI): 1-year results of a randomised controlled trial

Bioresorbable Vascular ScaffoldsTCT-515 Multi-Center, Post-marketing Evaluation of the Elixir DESolve® Novolimus Eluting Bioresorbable Coronary Stent System: 6-month Results from the DESolve PMCF Study

Lynn Vandertie

Papers

Bivalirudin in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (HORIZONS-AMI): 1-year results of a randomised controlled trial

Bioresorbable Vascular ScaffoldsTCT-515 Multi-Center, Post-marketing Evaluation of the Elixir DESolve® Novolimus Eluting Bioresorbable Coronary Stent System: 6-month Results from the DESolve PMCF Study