6.1.2. Aqueous V(III) Chemistry 877 6.1.3. Oxidation State of Vanadium in Tunicates 878 6.1.4. Uptake of Vanadate into Tunicates 879 6.1.5. Vanadium Binding Proteins: Vanabins 879 6.1.6. Model Complexes and Their Chemistry 880 6.1.7. Catechol-Based Model Chemistry 880 6.1.8. Vanadium Sulfate Complexes 881 6.2. Fan Worm Pseudopotamilla occelata 883 7. Vanadium Nitrogenase 883 7.1. Nitrogenases 883 7.2. Biochemistry of Nitrogenase 884 7.3. Clusters in Nitrogenase and Model Systems: Structure and Reactivity 885

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The chemistry and biochemistry of vanadium and the biological activities exerted by vanadium compounds.

Chem. Pharm. Bull.(オピニオン)

Metal Ions in Biological Systems

Carbohydrates as ligands: coordination equilibria and structure of the metal complexes

Inorganic fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) have initiated an extensive upsurge in biological application research. Just as quantum dots are regarded as a vigorous reinforcement of the organic dye family, rare earth (RE) fluorescent NPs, as another phosphors branch, also possess unique optical characteristics. The advantages of RE NPs in photostability and colorimetric purity make them suitable for bioprobe applications. Since the preparation technologies have been well developed, it is favourable to prompt the research in the interdisciplinary field of biology and material sciences. Herein, we summarize the synthesis and performance, together with bioprobe applications of RE oxide, sulfoxide, vanadate, phosphate, fluoride, and sodium RE fluoride nanomaterials. The prospects of these promising materials as applied in the biological field is described to draw readers′ attention and to attract more research interest.

Luminescent rare earth nanomaterials for bioprobe applications

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are an emerging class of inorganic metal oxides, which over the last decades demonstrated promising biological activities by the virtue of their great diversity in structures and properties. They possess high potential for the inhibition of various tumor types; however, their unspecific interactions with biomolecules and toxicity impede their clinical usage. The current focus of the field of biologically active POMs lies on organically functionalized and POM-based nanocomposite structures as these hybrids show enhanced anticancer activity and significantly reduced toxicity towards normal cells in comparison to unmodified POMs. Although the antitumor activity of POMs is well documented, their mechanisms of action are still not well understood. In this Review, an overview is given of the cytotoxic effects of POMs with a special focus on POM-based hybrid and nanocomposite structures. Furthermore, we aim to provide proposed mode of actions and to identify molecular targets. POMs are expected to develop into the next generation of anticancer drugs that selectively target cancer cells while sparing healthy cells.

Polyoxometalates as Potential Next-Generation Metallodrugs in the Combat Against Cancer.

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2018/cc/c7cc07549a

The antibacterial activity of polyoxometalates: structures, antibiotic effects and future perspectives.

Decavanadate (V10 O28 6-) and oxovanadates: oxometalates with many biological activities.

Decavanadate effects in biological systems

Several biological studies associate vanadium and cadmium with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes alterations. The present study aims to analyse and compare the oxidative stress responses induced by an acute intravenous exposure (1 and 7 days) to a sub-lethal concentration (5 mM) of two vanadium solutions, containing different vanadate n -oligomers ( n  = 1–5 or n  = 10), and a cadmium solution on the cardiac muscle of the marine teleost Halobatrachus didactylus (Lusitanian toadfish). It was observed that vanadium is mainly accumulated in mitochondria (1.33 ± 0.26 μM), primarily when this element was administrated as decameric vanadate, than when administrated as metavanadate (432 ± 294 nM), while the highest content of cadmium was found in cytosol (365 ±231 nM). Indeed, decavanadate solution promotes stronger increases in mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes activities (catalase: + 120%; superoxide dismutase: + 140%) than metavanadate solution. On contrary, cadmium increases cytosolic catalase (+ 111%) and glutathione peroxidases (+ 50%) activities. It is also observed that vanadate oligomers induce in vitro prooxidant effects in toadfish heart, with stronger effects induced by metavanadate solution. In summary, vanadate and cadmium are differently accumulated in blood and cardiac subcellular fractions and induced different responses in enzymatic antioxidant defence mechanisms. In the present study, it is described for the first time the effects of equal doses of two different metals intravenously injected in the same fish species and upon the same exposure period allowing to understand the mechanisms of vanadate and cadmium toxicity in fish cardiac muscle.

Manuel Aureliano

Papers

Polyoxometalates as Potential Next-Generation Metallodrugs in the Combat Against Cancer.

The antibacterial activity of polyoxometalates: structures, antibiotic effects and future perspectives.

Decavanadate (V10 O28 6-) and oxovanadates: oxometalates with many biological activities.

Decavanadate effects in biological systems

Vanadium and cadmium in vivo effects in teleost cardiac muscle: metal accumulation and oxidative stress markers.