Manuel Ruiz-García

TL;DR: The results indicate that the evolutionary history of cetartiodactyls was punctuated by four main phases of rapid radiation during the Cenozoic era, and shows that the high species diversity now observed in the families Bovidae and Cervidae accumulated mainly during the Late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene.

TL;DR: Molecular clock-based estimates of branching times indicated that contemporary howler monkey species originated in the late Miocene and Pliocene, not the Pleistocene, and the causes of Alouatta diversification were more difficult to pin down, although it is posit that the initial cis- and trans-Andean split in the genus was caused by theLate Miocene completion of the northern Andes.

TL;DR: The results support the proposal to subdivide the Inia genus into at least two evolutionarily significant units: one confined to the Bolivian river basin and the other widely distributed across the Amazon and Orinoco basins.

TL;DR: The low heterozygosity and the population fragmentation could be explained by ancient events related to the bear colonization, with the arrival of humans beings in the Americas, and/or with the glacial maximum, 16.000-30.000 years ago.

TL;DR: The number of species within this genus is probably more limited than recently proposed by other authors because the Pleistocene was the fundamental epoch when the mitochondrial Saimiri diversification process occurred.