The incidence of congenital heart disease

3D
: three-dimensional
AIDS
: acquired immune deficiency syndrome
b.i.d.
: bis in die (twice daily)
BCNIE
: blood culture-negative infective endocarditis
CDRIE
: cardiac device-related infective endocarditis
CHD
: congenital heart disease
CIED
: cardiac implantable electronic device

/pdf/2015-esc-guidelines-for-the-management-of-infective-2z2r1c1flx.pdf

2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis

Guidelines summarize and evaluate all currently available evidence on a particular issue with the aim of assisting physicians in selecting the best management strategies for an individual patient, suffering from a given condition, taking into account the impact on outcome, as well as the risk–benefit ratio of particular diagnostic or therapeutic means. Guidelines are no substitutes for textbooks, and their legal implications have been discussed previously. Guidelines and recommendations should help physicians to make decisions in their daily practice. However, the ultimate judgement regarding the care of an individual patient must be made by his/her responsible physician(s).

A large number of Guidelines have been issued in recent years by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) as well as by other societies and organizations. Because of the impact on clinical practice, quality criteria for the development of guidelines have been established in order to make all decisions transparent to the user. The recommendations for formulating and issuing ESC Guidelines can be found on the ESC Web Site (http://www.escardio.org/guidelines/rules).

Members of this Task Force were selected by the ESC to represent all physicians involved with the medical care of patients in this pathology. In brief, experts in the field are selected and undertake a comprehensive review of the published evidence for management and/or prevention of a given condition. A critical evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures is performed, including assessment of the risk–benefit ratio. Estimates of expected health outcomes for larger populations are included, where data exist. The level of evidence and the strength of recommendation of particular treatment options are weighed and graded according to pre-defined scales, as outlined in Tables 1 and 2 .

View this table:

Table 1 
Classes of recommendations



View this table:

Table 2 
Levels of evidence



The experts of the writing and reviewing panels have provided disclosure statements of all relationships they may have which …

/pdf/esc-guidelines-for-the-management-of-grown-up-congenital-542gk4n515.pdf

ESC Guidelines for the management of grown-up congenital heart disease (new version 2010).

Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents summarize and evaluate all currently available evidence on a particular issue with the aim of assisting physicians in selecting the best management strategy for an individual patient suffering from a given condition, taking into account the impact on outcome, as well as the risk/benefit ratio of particular diagnostic or therapeutic means. Guidelines are no substitutes for textbooks. The legal implications of medical guidelines have been discussed previously.

A great number of Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents have been issued in recent years by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) as well as by other societies and organizations. Because of the impact on clinical practice, quality criteria for development of guidelines have been established in order to make all decisions transparent to the user. The recommendations for formulating and issuing ESC Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents can be found on the ESC website (http://www.escardio.org/knowledge/guidelines/rules).

In brief, experts in the field are selected and undertake a comprehensive review of the published evidence for management and/or prevention of a given condition. A critical evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures is performed including assessment of the risk/ benefit ratio. Estimates of expected health outcomes for larger societies are included, where data exist. The level of evidence and the strength of recommendation of particular treatment options are weighed and graded according to predefined scales, as outlined in Tables 1 and 2 .

View this table:

Table 1 
Classes of recommendations



View this table:

Table 2 
Levels of evidence



The experts of the writing panels have provided disclosure statements of all relationships they may have which might be perceived as real or potential sources of conflicts of interest. These disclosure forms are kept on file at the European Heart House, headquarters of the ESC. Any changes in conflict of interest that arise during the writing period must be notified to …

/pdf/guidelines-on-the-prevention-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-5jifq6zm1x.pdf

Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009)

Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009).

/pdf/guidelines-on-the-prevention-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-4wglwiwvag.pdf

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(96)04069-X.pdf

Effect of detailed fetal echocardiography as part of routine prenatal ultrasonographic screening on detection of congenital heart disease

Long-term outcome of patients with ventricular septal defect considered not to require surgical closure during childhood.

Poor weight and length gain of infants with congenital heart disease is generally considered to be related to inadequate nutritional intake, but no longitudinal data on growth and nutritional intake of such infants are available. We compared weight, length, subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness, energy and protein intake (24-h dietary intake records) as well as serum prealbumin and albumin of infants with cyanotic heart disease (n = 8) or isolated left-to-right shunt (n = 8) with those of healthy infants aged (n = 8) 45-365 days. Weight, length, and combined (subscapular and triceps) skinfold thickness of the two groups with congenital heart disease (CHD) were significantly less from 183 through 365 days of age. However, energy and protein intake was similar to that of the control group from 45 through 365 days of age. Normal serum prealbumin and albumin in the infants with CHD ruled out protein-calorie malnutrition. It is concluded that a low level of food intake was not the main cause of inadequate growth and of small subcutaneous fat stores in these two small, but homogeneous, groups of infants with CHD.

Growth and nutritional intake of infants with congenital heart disease

https://www.internationaljournalofcardiology.com/article/S0167-5273(04)00220-7/pdf

Maria Wimmer

Papers

Effect of detailed fetal echocardiography as part of routine prenatal ultrasonographic screening on detection of congenital heart disease

Long-term outcome of patients with ventricular septal defect considered not to require surgical closure during childhood.

Growth and nutritional intake of infants with congenital heart disease

Vascular dysfunction after coarctation repair is related to the age at surgery

Effect of detailed fetal echocardiography as part of routine prenatal ultrasonographic screening on detection of congenital heart disease