Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 

About: Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey is an academic journal published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. The journal publishes majorly in the area(s): Pregnancy & Population. It has an ISSN identifier of 0029-7828. Over the lifetime, 13159 publications have been published receiving 383418 citations. The journal is also known as: Obstetrical and gynecological survey.

Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells From Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors

Abstract: If it were possible to reprogram differentiated human somatic cells into a pluripotent state, patient-specific and disease-specific stem cells could be developed. Previous work generated induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells capable of germline transmission from murine somatic cells by transd

Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women With Elevated C-Reactive Protein

Abstract: Previous studies have shown that statin therapy reduces high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels as well as cholesterol, but no prospective trials have directly addressed the issue of whether elevated levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein are beneficial for apparently healthy perso

Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus 1 with zidovudine treatment

Abstract: In 1994, Edward M. Connor and colleagues published \"Reduction of Maternal-Infant Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 with Zidovudine Treatment.\" Their study summarized how to reduce the transfer of human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, from pregnant women to their fetuses with Zidovudine, otherwise known as AZT. HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system by destroying white blood cells, a part of the body ́s immune system. Fifteen to forty percent of infants born to HIVpositive mothers become infected during fetal development, labor and delivery, or breast-feeding. From April 1991 to December 1993, Connor and his colleagues researched HIV-positive pregnant women who took AZT, a drug that treats but does not cure an HIV infection. In their article, Conner and colleagues showed that AZT decreased the maternal-infant transmission of HIV and helped decrease infant mortality due to the viral infection.

Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity

Abstract: This study was an attempt to estimate deaths associated with being underweight (body mass index [BMI] less than 18.5 kg/m 2 ), overweight (BMI 25-29 kg/m 2 ), and obese (BMI 30 or higher kg/m 2 ). Relative mortality risks associated with different BMI levels were estimated from 3 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) trials covering the years 1971-1975 (NHANES I), 1976-1980 with follow up through 1992 (NHANES II), and 1988-1994 with follow up through 2000 (NHANES III), respectively. Relative risk estimates were applied to the distribution of BMI and other covariates from NHANES 1999-2002 to estimate mortality risk while adjusting for possible confounding factors, including age. Deaths in the NHANES I, II, and III trials totalled 3923, 2133, and 2793, respectively. Obesity was associated with an increased mortality risk, especially for younger subjects. Relative risk was low in overweight individuals. Relative risk figures for underweight persons generally exceeded unity. A similar pattern was evident for each of the 3 surveys. Although a BMI of 35 kg/m 2 or above was relatively infrequent, these individuals accounted for a majority of obesity-related excess deaths in the year 2000. The relative mortality risk associated with obesity was higher in NHANES I than in the other 2 trials. Compared with normal-weight subjects, those who were overweight had a slight reduction in mortality. Of the 111,909 excess deaths associated with obesity, a majority occurred in persons less than 70 years of age. The opposite was the case for underweight persons. In NHANES surveys dating back to 1971, both underweight and obesity-especially a high degree of obesity-are associated with increased mortality compared with normal-weight persons. Possibly better medical care and improved public health measures have lessened the effect of obesity on mortality. The findings are in accord with increased life expectancy in the United States and with decreasing mortality from ischemic heart disease.

Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls

Abstract: In Great Britain some girls begin to menstruate in their 10th or 11th years, while others who are equally healthy may not experience menarche until they 'are 14, 15, or even older. Menarche is, however, only a single event in the combination of physical changes which constitute puberty. The adolescent growth spurt, the development of the breasts, and the growth of the pubic hair occur more or less concurrently, and take, on the average, about 3 years from beginning to completion, with menarche occurring usually in the latter half of this period (Tanner, 1962). At present we lack detailed information about the rate at which girls progress through the stages of puberty and about the relation of one event to another. Only longitudinal studies (i.e. studies in which the same individuals are examined repeatedly over a period of time) can provide this information, which would be helpful both to the clinician in distinguishing the normal from the abnormal, and to the neuro-endocrinologist in constructing hypotheses about the mechanisms by which puberty is controlled. Present knowledge is based on studies carried out on small numbers of children in the United States a generation ago, together with some German studies of a similar period (for literature see Tanner, 1962). The only recent European study in which the events of puberty have been followed longitudinally is the Harpenden Growth Study, which began 19 years ago in England and is still in progress. Anthropometric measurements have been taken, and the development of the breasts and pubic hair have been recorded photographically at 3monthly intervals throughout puberty. Though these data may be subject to certain biases, discussed below, they provide information available from no other source. This paper describes the extent of normal individual variation observed in the events of puberty among the girls of the Harpenden Growth Study. We discuss: (a) variation in the chrono-