https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/81451/1/JAutoimmunFNl14.pdf

TNF and TNF-receptors: From mediators of cell death and inflammation to therapeutic giants – past, present and future

Legionnaires’ disease is an important cause of community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Although uncommon, Legionnaires’ disease continues to cause disease outbreaks of public health signifi cance. The disease is caused by any species of the Gram-negative aerobic bacteria belonging to the genus Legionella; Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 is the causative agent of most cases in Europe. In this Review we outline the global epidemiology of Legionnaires’ disease, summarise its diagnosis and management, and identify research gaps and priorities. Early clinical diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate antibiotics for Legionella spp in all patients with communityacquired or hospital-acquired pneumonias is a crucial measure for management of the disease. Progress in typing and sequencing technologies might additionally contribute to understanding the distribution and natural history of Legionnaires’ disease, and inform outbreak investigations. Control of Legionnaires’ disease outbreaks relies on rapid ascertainment of descriptive epidemiological data, combined with microbiological information to identify the source and implement control measures. Further research is required to defi ne the actual burden of disease, factors that infl uence susceptibility, key sources of infection, and diff erences in virulence between strains of Legionella species. Other requirements are improved, specifi c, sensitive, and rapid diagnostic tests to accurately inform management of Legionnaires’ disease, and controlled clinical trials to ascertain the optimum antibiotics for treatment.

/pdf/epidemiology-and-clinical-management-of-legionnaires-disease-2qz9fabsa1.pdf

Epidemiology and clinical management of Legionnaires' disease.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults is an infectious disease with high morbidity in China and the rest of the world. With the changing pattern in the etiological profile of CAP and advances in medical techniques in diagnosis and treatment over time, Chinese Thoracic Society of Chinese Medical Association updated its CAP guideline in 2016 to address the standard management of CAP in Chinese adults. Extensive and comprehensive literature search was made to collect the data and evidence for experts to review and evaluate the level of evidence. Corresponding recommendations are provided appropriately based on the level of evidence. This updated guideline covers comprehensive topics on CAP, including aetiology, antimicrobial resistance profile, diagnosis, empirical and targeted treatments, adjunctive and supportive therapies, as well as prophylaxis. The recommendations may help clinicians manage CAP patients more effectively and efficiently. CAP in pediatric patients and immunocompromised adults is beyond the scope of this guideline. This guideline is only applicable for the immunocompetent CAP patients aged 18 years and older. The recommendations on selection of antimicrobial agents and the dosing regimens are not mandatory. The clinicians are recommended to prescribe and adjust antimicrobial therapies primarily based on their local etiological profile and results of susceptibility testing, with reference to this guideline.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/crj.12674

Diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Chinese Thoracic Society, Chinese Medical Association.

ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) Consensus Document on the safety of targeted and biological therapies: an infectious diseases perspective (Soluble immune effector molecules [I]: anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents).

Marie Couret

Papers

Incidence and Risk Factors of Legionella pneumophila Pneumonia During Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy: A Prospective French Study