http://www.beauty-review.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Perfluoroalkyl-acids-a-review-of-monitoring-and-toxicological-findings.pdf

Perfluoroalkyl Acids: A Review of Monitoring and Toxicological Findings

Interest and concern about polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs), such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and an increasing number of other related compounds is growing as more is learned about these ubiquitous anthropogenic substances. Many of these compounds can be toxic, and they are regularly found in the blood of animals and humans worldwide. A great deal of research has been conducted in this area, but a surprising amount remains unknown about their distribution in the environment and how people ultimately become exposed. The utility of these compounds seems to ensure theircontinueduseinoneformoranotherfortheforeseeablefuture,presentingalong-termchallengetoscientists,industryleaders, and public health officials worldwide.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es2011622

Polyfluorinated Compounds: Past, Present, and Future

https://www.scialliconsulting.com/publications/08%20Laufersweiler%20TTC.pdf

Correlation of chemical structure with reproductive and developmental toxicity as it relates to the use of the threshold of toxicological concern

https://zenodo.org/record/1259371/files/article.pdf

The developmental toxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids and their derivatives

PFOA is a peroxisome proliferator (PPAR agonist) and exerts morphological and biochemical effects characteristic of PPAR agonists. These effects include increased beta-oxidation of fatty acids, increases in several cytochrome P-450 (CYP450)-mediated reactions, and inhibition of the secretion of very low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol from the liver. These effects on lipid metabolism and transport result in a reduction of cholesterol and triglycerides in serum and an accumulation of lipids in the liver. The triad of tumors observed (liver, Leydig cell, and pancreatic acinar-cell) is typical of many PPAR agonists and is believed to involve nongenotoxic mechanisms. The hepatocellular tumors observed in rats are likely to have been the result of the activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). The tumors observed in the testis (Leydig-cell) have been hypothesized to be associated with an increased level of serum estradiol in concert with testicular growth factors. The mechanism responsible for the acinar-cell tumors of the pancreas in rats remains the subject of active investigation. The mechanism resulting in the hepatocellular tumors in rats (PPARalpha activation) is not likely to be relevant to humans. Similarly, the proposed mechanism for Leydig-cell tumor formation is of questionable relevance to humans. Acinar tumors of the pancreas are rare in humans, and the relevance of the these tumors, as found in rats, to humans is uncertain. Epidemiological investigations and medical surveillance of occupationally exposed workers have not found consistent associations between PFOA exposure and adverse health effects.

Mark E. Hurtt

Papers

Effects of ammonium perfluorooctanoate on Leydig cell function: in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo studies.

Induction of Leydig cell adenomas by ammonium perfluorooctanoate: a possible endocrine-related mechanism.

90-day feeding and one-generation reproduction study in Crl:CD BR rats with 17β-estradiol

Effects of Dietary 17β-Estradiol Exposure on Serum Hormone Concentrations and Testicular Parameters in Male Crl:CD BR Rats

Effect of the Peroxisome Proliferator, Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate (C8), on Hepatic Aromatase Activity in Adult Male Crl:CD BR (CD) Rats