抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

It has become evident that fluorinated compounds have a remarkable record in medicinal chemistry and will play a continuing role in providing lead compounds for therapeutic applications. This tutorial review provides a sampling of renowned fluorinated drugs and their mode of action with a discussion clarifying the role and impact of fluorine substitution on drug potency.

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Fluorine in medicinal chemistry.

There is a special reason for reviewing this book at this time: it is the 50th edition of a compendium that is known and used frequently in most chemical and physical laboratories in many parts of the world. Surely, a publication that has been published for 56 years, withstanding the vagaries of science in this century, must have had something to offer. There is another reason: while the book is a standard fixture in most chemical and physical laboratories, including those in medical centers, it is not as frequently seen in the laboratories of physician's offices (those either in solo or group practice). I believe that the Handbook can be useful in those laboratories. One of the reasons, among others, is that the various basic items of information it offers may be helpful in new tests, either physical or chemical, which are continuously being published. The basic information may relate

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

The role of fluorine in drug design and development is expanding rapidly as we learn more about the unique properties associated with this unusual element and how to deploy it with greater sophistication. The judicious introduction of fluorine into a molecule can productively influence conformation, pKa, intrinsic potency, membrane permeability, metabolic pathways, and pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, 18F has been established as a useful positron emitting isotope for use with in vivo imaging technology that potentially has extensive application in drug discovery and development, often limited only by convenient synthetic accessibility to labeled compounds. The wide ranging applications of fluorine in drug design are providing a strong stimulus for the development of new synthetic methodologies that allow more facile access to a wide range of fluorinated compounds. In this review, we provide an update on the effects of the strategic incorporation of fluorine in drug molecules and applications in po...

Applications of Fluorine in Medicinal Chemistry

A review of the biological response to ionic dissolution products from bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics

Chapter headings. Preface. Introduction. Physical background. Experimental approaches. 29Si NMR. 27Al NMR. 17O NMR. NMR of other commonly studied nuclei. NMR of low-gamma nuclides. NMR of other spin-1/2 nuclei. NMR of other quadrupolar nuclei. Solid state NMR of metals and alloys.

Multinuclear solid-state NMR of inorganic materials

Recent advances in experimental solid state NMR methodology for half-integer spin quadrupolar nuclei

Magnesium incorporation into hydroxyapatite

Sol–gel derived bioactive glasses (70 mol% SiO2 and 30 mol% CaO) have high potential as materials for bone regeneration and devices for sustained drug delivery. They bond to bone and have a controllable degradation rate. They have a unique tailorable nanoporosity, which enhances their surface area and exposes hydroxyl groups and affects protein adsorption and cellular response. This study aims to fully characterise the evolution of the nanoporous structure of sol–gel derived bioactive glass for the first time, to fully understand its nanostructure evolution and control, so that materials with specific nanoporous networks can be produced to further enhance effects on tissue regeneration. It was confirmed that nanopores of sol–gel derived bioactive glass are interstitial spaces between nanoparticles. Nanoparticles, approximately 5 nm in diameter that were produced early in the process, agglomerated into larger particles during the gelation process (10–30 nm in diameter) during stabilisation via heat treatment. Inductive coupled plasma (ICP) analysis of the pore liquor after ageing revealed that calcium nitrate (the calcium precursor) dissolves in pore liquor before drying. Thermal real time X-ray diffraction and MAS-NMR data revealed that calcium nitrate coated the silica nanoparticles during drying and calcium did not enter the silica network until the material was heated to 400 °C. This has implications for ensuring a homogeneous calcium distribution in bioactive glasses made by the sol–gel route.

Nanostructure evolution and calcium distribution in sol–gel derived bioactive glass

Nature has evolved mechanisms to create a diversity of specialized materials through nanoscale organization. Inspired by nature, hybrid materials are designed with highly tailorable properties, which are achieved through careful control of their nanoscale interactions. These novel materials, based on a silica-gelatin hybrid system, have the potential to serve as a platform technology for human tissue regeneration. Covalent interactions between the inorganic and organic constituents of the hybrid are essential to enable the precise control of mechanical and dissolution properties. Furthermore, hybrid scaffold porosity is found to highly influence mechanical properties, to the extent where scaffolds of particular strength could be specified based on their porosity. The hybrids also demonstrate a non-cytotoxic effect when mesenchymal stem cells are cultured on the material. Cytoskeletal proteins of the cells are imaged using actin and vimentin staining. It is envisaged these hybrid materials will find a diverse application in both hard and soft tissue regenerating scaffolds.

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Mark E. Smith

Papers

Multinuclear solid-state NMR of inorganic materials

Recent advances in experimental solid state NMR methodology for half-integer spin quadrupolar nuclei

Magnesium incorporation into hydroxyapatite

Nanostructure evolution and calcium distribution in sol–gel derived bioactive glass

Silica-gelatin hybrids with tailorable degradation and mechanical properties for tissue regeneration