Electrochemical energy storage systems (batteries) have a tremendous role in technical applications In this review the authors examine the prospects of electroactive polymers in view of the properties required for such batteries Conducting organic polymers are considered here in the light of their rugged chemical environment: organic solvents, acids, and alkalis The goal of the present article is to provide, first of all in tabular form, a survey of electroactive polymers in view of potential applications in rechargeable batteries It reviews the preparative methods and the electrochemical performance of polymers as rechargeable battery electrodes The theoretical values of specific charge of the polymers are comparable to those of metal oxide electrodes, but are not as high as those of most of the metal electrodes normally used in batteries Therefore, it is an advantage in conventional battery designs to use the conducting polymer as a positive electrode material in combination with a negative electrode such as Li, Na, Mg, Zn, MeH{sub x}, etc 504 refs

Electrochemically Active Polymers for Rechargeable Batteries.

Polyaniline: a new concept in conducting polymers

Polyaniline: A historical survey

Review: Polyaniline-A novel polymeric material.

The emerging demand for electronic and transportation technologies has driven the development of rechargeable batteries with enhanced capacity storage. Especially, multivalent metal (Mg, Zn, Ca, and Al) and metal-ion batteries have recently attracted considerable interests as promising substitutes for future large-scale energy storage devices, due to their natural abundance and multielectron redox capability. These metals are compatible with nonflammable aqueous electrolytes and are less reactive when exposed in ambient atmosphere as compared with Li metals, hence enabling potential safer battery systems. Luckily, green and sustainable organic compounds could be designed and tailored as universal host materials to accommodate multivalent metal ions. Considering these advantages, effective approaches toward achieving organic multivalent metal and metal-ion rechargeable batteries are highlighted in this Review. Moreover, organic structures, cell configurations, and key relevant electrochemical parameters are presented. Hopefully, this Review will provide a fundamental guidance for future development of organic-based multivalent metal and metal-ion rechargeable batteries.

Recent Progress in Multivalent Metal (Mg, Zn, Ca, and Al) and Metal‐Ion Rechargeable Batteries with Organic Materials as Promising Electrodes

The characteristics of electrochemically produced polyaniline as the active material of secondary batteries were studied in aqueous electrolytes. The cell of the type, , has the maximum capacity of 108 Ah/kg and the energy density of 111 Wh/kg. The coulombic efficiency was close to 100% over at least 2000 complete cycles when cycled between 1.35V and 0.75V at a constant current of 1 mA cm−2. The cell, where polyaniline was used as the anode, also showed excellent recyclability. The effect of oxygen and of the exposure to high anodic potential to the characteristics of polyaniline electrodes was also studied.

Performance Study of Aqueous Polyaniline Batteries

Growth mechanism in the electropolymerization of aniline and p-aminodiphenylamine

EPR measurements have been done with a polyaniline coated platinum electrode at various stages of oxidation. The measurements were carried out in situ conditions in both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. At the initial stage of anodic oxidation, electron spins accumulate in the polymer film upto 1×1020 spins/gram and then decrease gradually with increasing charge of electrolysis.

Masanori Kaya

Papers

Performance Study of Aqueous Polyaniline Batteries

Growth mechanism in the electropolymerization of aniline and p-aminodiphenylamine

Epr studies of the charging process of polyaniline electrodes

Polyaniline as the Positive Electrode of Storage Batteries