An Introduction to Codes and Coding Chapter Summary Purposes of the Manual What Is a Code? Codifying and Categorizing What Gets Coded? The Mechanics of Coding The Numbers of Codes Manual and CAQDAS Coding Solo and Team Coding Necessary Personal Attributes for Coding On Method Writing Analytic Memos Chapter Summary The Purposes of Analytic Memo-Writing What Is an Analytic Memo? Examples of Analytic Memos Coding and Categorizing Analytic Memos Grounded Theory and Its Coding Canon Analytic Memos on Visual Data First-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Coding Cycles Selecting the Appropriate Coding Method(s) Overview of First-Cycle Coding Methods The Coding Methods Profiles Grammatical Methods Elemental Methods Affective Methods Literary and Language Methods Exploratory Methods Forms for Additional First-Cycle Coding Methods Theming the Data Procedural Methods After First-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding Transitions Eclectic Coding Code Mapping and Landscaping Operational Model Diagramming Additional Transition Methods Transitioning to Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Chapter Summary The Goals of Second-Cycle Methods Overview of Second-Cycle Coding Methods Second-Cycle Coding Methods Forms for Additional Second-Cycle Coding Methods After Second-Cycle Coding Chapter Summary Post-Coding and Pre-Writing Transitions Focusing Strategies From Coding to Theorizing Formatting Matters Writing about Coding Ordering and Re-Ordering Assistance from Others Closure Appendix A: A Glossary of Coding Methods Appendix B: A Glossary of Analytic Recommendations Appendix C: Field Note, Interview Transcript and Document Samples for Coding Appendix D: Exercises and Activities for Coding and Qualitative Data Analytic Skill Development References Index

The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Saturation has attained widespread acceptance as a methodological principle in qualitative research. It is commonly taken to indicate that, on the basis of the data that have been collected or analysed hitherto, further data collection and/or analysis are unnecessary. However, there appears to be uncertainty as to how saturation should be conceptualized, and inconsistencies in its use. In this paper, we look to clarify the nature, purposes and uses of saturation, and in doing so add to theoretical debate on the role of saturation across different methodologies. We identify four distinct approaches to saturation, which differ in terms of the extent to which an inductive or a deductive logic is adopted, and the relative emphasis on data collection, data analysis, and theorizing. We explore the purposes saturation might serve in relation to these different approaches, and the implications for how and when saturation will be sought. In examining these issues, we highlight the uncertain logic underlying saturation—as essentially a predictive statement about the unobserved based on the observed, a judgement that, we argue, results in equivocation, and may in part explain the confusion surrounding its use. We conclude that saturation should be operationalized in a way that is consistent with the research question(s), and the theoretical position and analytic framework adopted, but also that there should be some limit to its scope, so as not to risk saturation losing its coherence and potency if its conceptualization and uses are stretched too widely.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11135-017-0574-8.pdf

Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization

Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data

Sufficient knowledge is available about the definition, details and differences of qualitative content and thematic analysis as two approaches of qualitative descriptive research. However, identifying the main features of theme as the data analysis product and the method of its development remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to describe the meaning of theme and offer a method on theme construction that can be used by qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis researchers in line with the underpinning specific approach to data analysis. This methodological paper comprises an analytical overview of qualitative descriptive research products and the meaning of theme. Also, our practical experiences of qualitative analysis supported by relevant published literature informed the generation of a stage like model of theme construction for qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. This paper comprises: (i) analytical importance of theme, (ii) meaning of theme, (iii) meaning of category, (iv) theme and category in terms of level of content, and (v) theme development. This paper offers a conceptual clarification and a pragmatic step by step method of theme development that has the capacity of assisting nurse researchers understand how theme is developed. As nursing is a pragmatic discipline, nurse researchers have tried to develop practical findings and devise some way to “do something” with findings to enhance the action and impact of nursing. The application of a precise method of theme development for qualitative descriptive data analysis suggested in this paper helps yield meaningful, credible and practical results for nursing.

/pdf/theme-development-in-qualitative-content-analysis-and-2q4az4zl8f.pdf

Theme development in qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the experience of participation in sport and exercise for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) with minimal disability. The objectives were to gain an understanding of key factors that influence participation in sport and exercise and to determine support required by individuals with MS to participate in their choice of sport and exercise for as long as possible.

Methods: A qualitative, descriptive study utilizing three focus groups was conducted. Data were analysed thematically aided by NVivo software. Participants were individuals with MS who had an Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 0–4, indicating full ambulation. All participants were living in northern Queensland, Australia.
Results

Sixteen individuals participated; 63% of whom regularly participated in sport or exercise. All participants viewed sport and exercise positively and identified inherent benefits of exercise. Five key themes emerged to describe the experience of participating in sport and exercise: “personally engaging with exercise,” “influencing barriers and enablers of exercise,” “sustaining independence,” “integrating exercise into lifestyle,” and “getting the balance right.” Most participants felt that advice and guidance from health professionals about the optimum mode and dose (how much and how often) of exercise was lacking.

Conclusions: Participation in sport and exercise was valued by individuals with MS with minimal disability for sustaining independence and an active lifestyle. Personalized exercise advice from health professionals was the key support identified by participants to assist them to maintain an active lifestyle for as long as possible.

A qualitative study of active participation in sport and exercise for individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Seit den 1980er Jahren werden in vielen Bereichen qualitativer Forschung LINCOLN und GUBAs (1985) Kriterien ( credibility , confirmability , dependability und transferability ) zur Gutesicherung der Ergebnisse aus sozialwissenschaftlichen Studien akzeptiert. Historische Forschung ist ein Bereich qualitativer Forschung, in dem dies nicht der Fall ist. Obwohl die meisten Geschichtswissenschaftler/innen anerkennen, dass Methoden in einer Weise genutzt werden sollten, dass die Ergebnisse ihrer Forschung verlasslich sind, gibt es einige Ambiguitat in Bezug auf die Frage, wie Gute in der historischen Forschung veranschaulicht werden kann. Viele beschranken sich auf Stuckwerk wie z.B. Quellenkritik, es fehlt zumeist ein systematischer Ansatz. Damit bleibt fur Rezipient/innen der Forschungsergebnisse oft unklar, in welcher Weise Methoden genutzt und Entscheidungen im Forschungsprozess getroffen wurden. Auch fuhren solche fragmentierten Ansatze prinzipieller dazu, dass die Legitimation historischer Forschungsmethoden infrage gestellt wird. In diesem Beitrag beschaftigen wir uns zunachst mit den Herausforderungen, denen sich historische Forschung im Sinne der Gutesicherung stellen muss. Danach geben wir praktische Verfahrenshinweise, die bei der Nutzung historischer Methoden einbezogen werden konnen, um diesen Herausforderungen produktiv zu begegnen mit dem Ziel, transparentere historische Narrative zu generieren.

/pdf/separating-fact-from-fiction-strategies-to-improve-rigour-in-1yoe8jkjr7.pdf

Separating "fact" from fiction: strategies to improve rigour in historical research

Aim: The purpose of this paper was to report on the delivery of a series of seminars in Sarawak, East Malaysia using a unique hands-on approach to the teaching of skills in research and evidence-based health care. These seminars proved to be a meaningful and memorable experience for both the facilitators and participants.

Background:  The international push for the delivery of evidence-based health care has resulted in a growing need for the teaching of skills in the conduct and application of research. Nurses and other health-care professionals recognize that they have a responsibility to contribute to and maintain an evidence base for practice, yet are often stymied by a lack of professional development opportunities.

Conclusion:  The knowledge necessary to understand research, along with skills in the conduct of research, can be made accessible to health-care professionals in diverse locations. The experience reported in this paper demonstrates that opportunities exist to provide education about research and evidence-based practice in an engaging, active and meaningful way.

Making it real: a hands-on approach to teaching research

Articulated education pathways between the vocational education training sector and universities provide opportunities for students wishing to progress to higher qualifications. Enrolled nurses seeking to advance their career in nursing can choose to enter baccalaureate degree programs through such alternative entry routes. Awarding of credit for prior studies is dependent on accurate assessment of the existing qualification against that which is sought. This study employed a modified Delphi method to inform the development of an evidence-based, structured approach to mapping the pathway from the nationally consistent training package of the Diploma of Nursing to the diversity of baccalaureate nursing programs across Australia. The findings of this study reflect the practical nature of the role of the enrolled nurse, particularly the greater emphasis placed on direct care activities as opposed to those related to professional development and the generation and use of evidence. These findings provide a valuable summative overview of the relationship between the Diploma of Nursing and the expectations of the registered nurse role.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2158244015604902

Melanie Birks

Papers

A qualitative study of active participation in sport and exercise for individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Separating "fact" from fiction: strategies to improve rigour in historical research

Making it real: a hands-on approach to teaching research

Mapping nursing pathways: a diverse modified Delphi approach

#Learning: The use of back channel technology in multi-campus nursing education.