From the Publisher: 
The accessible presentation of this book gives both a general view of the entire computer vision enterprise and also offers sufficient detail to be able to build useful applications. Users learn techniques that have proven to be useful by first-hand experience and a wide range of mathematical methods. A CD-ROM with every copy of the text contains source code for programming practice, color images, and illustrative movies. Comprehensive and up-to-date, this book includes essential topics that either reflect practical significance or are of theoretical importance. Topics are discussed in substantial and increasing depth. Application surveys describe numerous important application areas such as image based rendering and digital libraries. Many important algorithms broken down and illustrated in pseudo code. Appropriate for use by engineers as a comprehensive reference to the computer vision enterprise.

Computer vision : a modern approach = 计算机视觉 : 一种现代的方法

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the next era of communication. Using the IoT, physical objects can be empowered to create, receive, and exchange data in a seamless manner. Various IoT applications focus on automating different tasks and are trying to empower the inanimate physical objects to act without any human intervention. The existing and upcoming IoT applications are highly promising to increase the level of comfort, efficiency, and automation for the users. To be able to implement such a world in an ever-growing fashion requires high security, privacy, authentication, and recovery from attacks. In this regard, it is imperative to make the required changes in the architecture of the IoT applications for achieving end-to-end secure IoT environments. In this paper, a detailed review of the security-related challenges and sources of threat in the IoT applications is presented. After discussing the security issues, various emerging and existing technologies focused on achieving a high degree of trust in the IoT applications are discussed. Four different technologies, blockchain, fog computing, edge computing, and machine learning, to increase the level of security in IoT are discussed.

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A Survey on IoT Security: Application Areas, Security Threats, and Solution Architectures

Main-group analogues to fullerene-C60 have been predicted theoretically many times. Now, B40− has been observed using photoelectron spectroscopy and, with its neutral analogue, B40, confirmed computationally. In contrast to fullerene-C60, the all-boron fullerene (or borospherene) features triangles, hexagons and heptagons, bonded uniformly by delocalized σ and π bonds over the cage surface.

http://casey.brown.edu/chemistry/research/LSWang/publications/399.pdf

Observation of an all-boron fullerene.

Application of computing and communications intelligence effectively improves the quality of monitoring and control of smart grids However, the dependence on information technology also increases vulnerability to malicious attacks False data injection (FDI), that attack on the integrity of data, is emerging as a severe threat to the supervisory control and data acquisition system In this paper, we exploit deep learning techniques to recognize the behavior features of FDI attacks with the historical measurement data and employ the captured features to detect the FDI attacks in real-time By doing so, our proposed detection mechanism effectively relaxes the assumptions on the potential attack scenarios and achieves high accuracy Furthermore, we propose an optimization model to characterize the behavior of one type of FDI attack that compromises the limited number of state measurements of the power system for electricity theft We illustrate the performance of the proposed strategy through the simulation by using IEEE 118-bus test system We also evaluate the scalability of our proposed detection mechanism by using IEEE 300-bus test system

Real-Time Detection of False Data Injection Attacks in Smart Grid: A Deep Learning-Based Intelligent Mechanism

The Internet of Things (IoT) integrates billions of smart devices that can communicate with one another with minimal human intervention. IoT is one of the fastest developing fields in the history of computing, with an estimated 50 billion devices by the end of 2020. However, the crosscutting nature of IoT systems and the multidisciplinary components involved in the deployment of such systems have introduced new security challenges. Implementing security measures, such as encryption, authentication, access control, network and application security for IoT devices and their inherent vulnerabilities is ineffective. Therefore, existing security methods should be enhanced to effectively secure the IoT ecosystem. Machine learning and deep learning (ML/DL) have advanced considerably over the last few years, and machine intelligence has transitioned from laboratory novelty to practical machinery in several important applications. Consequently, ML/DL methods are important in transforming the security of IoT systems from merely facilitating secure communication between devices to security-based intelligence systems. The goal of this work is to provide a comprehensive survey of ML methods and recent advances in DL methods that can be used to develop enhanced security methods for IoT systems. IoT security threats that are related to inherent or newly introduced threats are presented, and various potential IoT system attack surfaces and the possible threats related to each surface are discussed. We then thoroughly review ML/DL methods for IoT security and present the opportunities, advantages and shortcomings of each method. We discuss the opportunities and challenges involved in applying ML/DL to IoT security. These opportunities and challenges can serve as potential future research directions.

A Survey of Machine and Deep Learning Methods for Internet of Things (IoT) Security

Attack detection problems in the smart grid are posed as statistical learning problems for different attack scenarios in which the measurements are observed in batch or online settings. In this approach, machine learning algorithms are used to classify measurements as being either secure or attacked. An attack detection framework is provided to exploit any available prior knowledge about the system and surmount constraints arising from the sparse structure of the problem in the proposed approach. Well-known batch and online learning algorithms (supervised and semisupervised) are employed with decision- and feature-level fusion to model the attack detection problem. The relationships between statistical and geometric properties of attack vectors employed in the attack scenarios and learning algorithms are analyzed to detect unobservable attacks using statistical learning methods. The proposed algorithms are examined on various IEEE test systems. Experimental analyses show that machine learning algorithms can detect attacks with performances higher than attack detection algorithms that employ state vector estimation methods in the proposed attack detection framework.

/pdf/machine-learning-methods-for-attack-detection-in-the-smart-4h756wsq5l.pdf

Machine Learning Methods for Attack Detection in the Smart Grid

New methods that exploit sparse structures arising in smart grid networks are proposed for the state estimation problem when data injection attacks are present. First, construction strategies for unobservable sparse data injection attacks on power grids are proposed for an attacker with access to all network information and nodes. Specifically, novel formulations for the optimization problem that provide a flexible design of the trade-off between performance and false alarm are proposed. In addition, the centralized case is extended to a distributed framework for both the estimation and attack problems. Different distributed scenarios are proposed depending on assumptions that lead to the spreading of the resources, network nodes and players. Consequently, for each of the presented frameworks a corresponding optimization problem is introduced jointly with an algorithm to solve it. The validity of the presented procedures in real settings is studied through extensive simulations in the IEEE test systems.

Sparse Attack Construction and State Estimation in the Smart Grid: Centralized and Distributed Models

Two distributed attack models and two distributed state vector estimation methods are introduced to handle the sparsity of smart grid networks in order to employ unobservable false data injection attacks and estimate state vectors. First, Distributed Sparse Attacks in which attackers process local measurements in order to achieve consensus for an attack vector are introduced. In the second attack model, called Collective Sparse Attacks, it is assumed that the topological information of the network and the measurements is available to attackers. However, attackers employ attacks to the groups of state vectors. The first distributed state vector estimation method, called Distributed State Vector Estimation, assumes that observed measurements are distributed in groups or clusters in the network. The second method, called Collaborative Sparse State Vector Estimation, consists of different operators estimating subsets of state variables. Therefore, state variables are assumed to be distributed in groups and accessed by the network operators locally. The network operators compute their local estimates and send the estimated values to a centralized network operator in order to update the estimated values.

Distributed models for sparse attack construction and state vector estimation in the smart grid

The massively dynamic nature of human brain cannot be represented by considering only a collection of voxel intensity values obtained from fMRI measurements. It has been observed that the degree of connectivity among voxels provide important information for modeling cognitive activities. Moreover, spatially close voxels act together to generate similar BOLD responses to the same stimuli. In this study, we propose a local mesh model, called Local Mesh Model with Temporal Measurements (LMM-TM), to first estimate spatial relationship among a set of voxels using spatial and temporal data measured at each voxel, and then employ the relationship for the construction of a connectivity model for brain decoding. For this purpose, we first construct a local mesh around each voxel (called seed voxel) by connecting it to its spatially nearest neighbors. Then, we represent the BOLD response of each seed voxel in terms of linear combination of the BOLD responses of its p-nearest neighbors. The relationship between a seed voxel and its neighbors is estimated by solving a linear regression problem. The estimated mesh arc weights are used to model local connectivity among the voxels that reside in a spatial neighborhood. Using these weights as features, we train Support Vector Machines and k-Nearest Neighbor classifiers. We test our model on a visual object recognition experiment. In the experimental analysis, we observe that classifiers that employ our features perform better than classifiers that employ raw voxel intensity values, local mesh model weights and features extracted using distance metrics such as Euclidean distance, cosine similarity and Pearson correlation.

Modeling Voxel Connectivity for Brain Decoding

We investigate the stability of boron fullerene sets B76, B78 and B82 We evaluate the ground state energies, nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS), the binding energies per atom and the band gap values by means of first-principles methods We construct our fullerene design by capping of pentagons and hexagons of B60 cages in such a way that the total number of atoms is preserved In doing so, a new hole density definition is proposed such that each member of a fullerene group has a different hole density which depends on the capping process Our analysis reveals that each boron fullerene set has its lowest-energy configuration around the same normalized hole density and the most stable cages are found in the fullerene groups which have a relatively large difference between the maximum and the minimum hole densities The result is a new stability measure relating the cage geometry characterized by the hole density to the relative energy

Mete Ozay

Papers

Machine Learning Methods for Attack Detection in the Smart Grid

Sparse Attack Construction and State Estimation in the Smart Grid: Centralized and Distributed Models

Distributed models for sparse attack construction and state vector estimation in the smart grid

Modeling Voxel Connectivity for Brain Decoding

A new hole density as a stability measure for boron fullerenes.