Emotion and Adaptation

The Open and Closed Mind

Revised NEO Personality Inventory（NEO-PI-R）を用いたてんかん患者におけるパーソナリティ傾向に関する検討

In this update of Clark and Watson (1995), we provide a synopsis of major points of our earlier article and discuss issues in scale construction that have become more salient as clinical and personality assessment has progressed over the past quarter-century. It remains true that the primary goal of scale development is to create valid measures of underlying constructs and that Loevinger's theoretical scheme provides a powerful model for scale development. We still discuss practical issues to help developers maximize their measures' construct validity, reiterating the importance of (a) clear conceptualization of target constructs, (b) an overinclusive initial item pool, (c) paying careful attention to item wording, (d) testing the item pool against closely related constructs, (e) choosing validation samples thoughtfully, and (f) emphasizing unidimensionality over internal consistency. We have added (g) consideration of the hierarchical structures of personality and psychopathology in scale development, discussion of (h) codeveloping scales in the context of these structures, (i) "orphan," and "interstitial" constructs, which do not fit neatly within these structures, (j) problems with "conglomerate" constructs, and (k) developing alternative versions of measures, including short forms, translations, informant versions, and age-based adaptations. Finally, we have expanded our discussions of (l) item-response theory and of external validity, emphasizing (m) convergent and discriminant validity, (n) incremental validity, and (o) cross-method analyses, such as questionnaires and interviews. We conclude by reaffirming that all mature sciences are built on the bedrock of sound measurement and that psychology must redouble its efforts to develop reliable and valid measures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Constructing validity: New developments in creating objective measuring instruments.

In this article, we define questionable measurement practices (QMPs) as decisions researchers make that raise doubts about the validity of the measures, and ultimately the validity of study conclus...

Measurement Schmeasurement: Questionable Measurement Practices and How to Avoid Them:

Grit has been presented as a higher order personality trait that is highly predictive of both success and performance and distinct from other traits such as conscientiousness. This paper provides a meta-analytic review of the grit literature with a particular focus on the structure of grit and the relation between grit and performance, retention, conscientiousness, cognitive ability, and demographic variables. Our results based on 584 effect sizes from 88 independent samples representing 66,807 individuals indicate that the higher order structure of grit is not confirmed, that grit is only moderately correlated with performance and retention, and that grit is very strongly correlated with conscientiousness. We also find that the perseverance of effort facet has significantly stronger criterion validities than the consistency of interest facet and that perseverance of effort explains variance in academic performance even after controlling for conscientiousness. In aggregate our results suggest that interventions designed to enhance grit may only have weak effects on performance and success, that the construct validity of grit is in question, and that the primary utility of the grit construct may lie in the perseverance facet. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)

Much ado about grit: A meta-analytic synthesis of the grit literature.

Stress has been implicated as an important determinant of leadership functioning. Conversely, the behavior of leaders has long been argued to be a major factor in determining the stress levels of followers. Yet despite the widespread acknowledgement that stress and leadership are linked, there has been no systematic attempt to organize and summarize these literatures. In the present, we meta-analytically review the relationship between three leadership constructs (transformational leadership, leader-member exchange, and abusive supervision) and stress and burnout. Our analyses confirm that leader stress influences leader behavior and that leadership behaviors and leader-follower relationships are significant determinants of stress and burnout in subordinates. We build on these results to suggest new avenues for research in this domain as well as discussing how these results can inform practice with regards to leader development.

Leadership and stress: A meta-analytic review

Ambiguity exists in a number of everyday situations, particularly when encountering complex social or epistemic situations in the context of education or work. Tolerance of ambiguity is expected to predict emotional reactions to complex problems, including avoidance behaviors that are associated with difficulty in achieving a professional or academic goal. While the study of tolerance of ambiguity has been extensive, widely used global measures of tolerance of ambiguity appear to produce scores inconsistent with their proposed structures. The recent development of the Multidimensional Attitudes Toward Ambiguity scale (MAAS) presents an alternative to global, one-factor measures of the construct, and it appears to reflect the need for tolerance of ambiguity measures to encompass more than one broad pattern of emotional reactivity. Despite the apparent strengths of the MAAS, the place of tolerance of ambiguity within the network of related constructs and the utility of the MAAS in predicting outcomes related to common sources of ambiguity are unclear. The goals of the present studies are 1) to clarify the place of tolerance of ambiguity within the nomological network, 2) to replicate the proposed structure of the MAAS, 3) to explore relations between tolerance of ambiguity and academic success outcomes, and 4) to explore tolerance of ambiguity’s possible relations with workplace outcomes. Study 1 estimated the relation between tolerance of ambiguity and the Big Five personality traits using meta-analysis. Tolerance of ambiguity and openness to experience were found to be strongly related but not identical. Study 2 examined the structure of scores on the MAAS, compared tolerance of ambiguity scores to those of related constructs, and explored the relations between such “closed mindedness” variables and academic success. Scores on the MAAS fit a bifactor structure better than alternative models, but this structure did not reach clear

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9246&context=etd

Multidimensional tolerance of ambiguity: Construct validity, academic success, and workplace outcomes

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1115&context=psychology_pubs

Are individual characteristics and behaviors necessary-but-not-sufficient conditions for academic success?: A demonstration of Dul's (2016) necessary condition analysis

Current measures of grit misrepresent its original conceptualization. This chapter aims to outline the flaws of extant grit measures, particularly in light of recent updated recommendations for maximizing construct validity during scale development. After reviewing empirical findings regarding grit’s construct validity, structure, and association with success outcomes, recommendations for the future development of grit will be proposed. Grit was developed as a higher-order construct consisting of two facets: perseverance of effort and consistency of interests. However, the higher order construct of “overall grit” is not supported by item response theory, factor analytic, or structural equation modeling approaches. Grit is currently better interpreted as two separate constructs, possibly within a bifactor model in which “overall grit” does not consist of perseverance and consistency. After controlling for conscientiousness, perseverance explains little incremental variance in success outcomes. However, perseverance may be related to, but distinct from, lower-order facets of conscientiousness. Consistency is much less associated with success outcomes, and its predictive utility is unclear.

Michael C. Tynan

Papers

Much ado about grit: A meta-analytic synthesis of the grit literature.

Leadership and stress: A meta-analytic review

Multidimensional tolerance of ambiguity: Construct validity, academic success, and workplace outcomes

Are individual characteristics and behaviors necessary-but-not-sufficient conditions for academic success?: A demonstration of Dul's (2016) necessary condition analysis

Deconstructing Grit’s Validity: The Case for Revising Grit Measures and Theory