https://caltcm.memberclicks.net/assets/documents/acc_aha_chf_2013_guidelines.pdf

2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)62167-9.pdf

Frailty in elderly people

SUMMARYACSM Position Stand on The Recommended Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness, and Flexibility in Adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 975-991, 1998. The combination of frequency, intensity, and duration of chr

http://myweb.facstaff.wwu.edu/chalmers/pdfs/acsm position stand - quantity and quality of exercise.pdf

ACSM Position Stand: The Recommended Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness, and Flexibility in Healthy Adults

The purpose of this report is to provide revised standards and guidelines for the exercise testing and training of individuals who are free from clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease and those with known cardiovascular disease. These guidelines are intended for physicians, nurses, exercise physiologists, specialists, technologists, and other healthcare professionals involved in exercise testing and training of these populations. This report is in accord with the “Statement on Exercise” published by the American Heart Association (AHA).1

These guidelines are a revision of the 1995 standards of the AHA that addressed the issues of exercise testing and training.2 An update of background, scientific rationale, and selected references is provided, and current issues of practical importance in the clinical use of these standards are considered. These guidelines are in accord with the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/AHA Guidelines for Exercise Testing.3

### The Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

Exercise, a common physiological stress, can elicit cardiovascular abnormalities that are not present at rest, and it can be used to determine the adequacy of cardiac function. Because exercise is only one of many stresses to which humans can be exposed, it is more appropriate to call an exercise test exactly that and not a “stress test.” This is particularly relevant considering the increased use of nonexercise stress tests.

### Types of Exercise

Three types of muscular contraction or exercise can be applied as a stress to the cardiovascular system: isometric (static), isotonic (dynamic or locomotory), and resistance (a combination of isometric and isotonic).4,5 Isotonic exercise, which is defined as a muscular contraction resulting in movement, primarily provides a volume load to the left ventricle, and the response is proportional to the size of the working muscle mass and the intensity of exercise. Isometric exercise is defined as a muscular contraction without movement (eg, handgrip) and imposes greater pressure than volume …

Exercise Standards for Testing and Training A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

The aim of this updated statement is to provide comprehensive and timely evidence-based recommendations on the prevention of stroke among individuals who have not previously experienced a stroke or transient ischemic attack. Evidence-based recommendations are included for the control of risk factors, interventional approaches to atherosclerotic disease of the cervicocephalic circulation, and antithrombotic treatments for preventing thrombotic and thromboembolic stroke. Further recommendations are provided for genetic and pharmacogenetic testing and for the prevention of stroke in a variety of other specific circumstances, including sickle cell disease and patent foramen ovale.

Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association

exercisewith repeated bouts of strenuous endurance Leukocyte counts and lymphocyte responsiveness

Iron Carbide Formation on Thin Iron Films Grown on Cu(100): Fcc Iron Stabilized by a Stable Surface Carbide

Infographic 1: UEFA 2020 expert group statement in elite football: Training day.





Infographic 2: UEFA 2020 expert group statement in elite football: match-day.





Infographic 3: UEFA 2020 expert group statement in elite football: Best of the rest—8 other key take-home messages.



UEFA commissioned an expert group statement on nutrition in elite football.1 Gathering 32 global experts in football and nutrition research …

/pdf/infographic-uefa-expert-group-2020-statement-on-nutrition-in-4hs2x88u00.pdf

Infographic. UEFA expert group 2020 statement on nutrition in elite football

intensified cycling training performance and carbohydrate oxidation after Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on

Dear Editor, We thank Dr Hemilä for sharing his thoughts regarding our recently published paper in this journal (Davison and Gleeson 2006). Dr Hemilä’s main concern is that we did not record upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms/episodes. Although we see value in what Dr Hemilä has written we feel that the criticism is largely unfounded and below we address each point in the same sequence as presented in Dr Hemilä’s original letter. The main purpose of our study was to determine if there were any eVects of vitamin C on selected immunoendocrine responses to a reproducible exercise stress carried out in a controlled laboratory environment. Hemilä states that the use of “surrogates” and “laboratory measures” are not appropriate for making conclusions about the eVects of “medical interventions”. Hemilä cites two papers to support this contention (Fleming and DeMets 1996; Rothwell 2005). We agree with these conclusions but feel that it is not entirely appropriate to apply this to our study in the way that Hemilä has done. First of all, we would like to point out that our intervention was not a “medical” one but if we must draw comparisons with such trials (as Hemilä has done) then our study is more comparable with a phase 2 trial. The paper by Fleming and DeMets (1996) relates to the Wndings of clinical/ medical and drug trials and the conclusion to which Hemilä refers relates speciWcally to phase 3 clinical trials. However, in the same paper Fleming and DeMets (1996) also state that surrogate end points can be useful in phase 2 screening trials for identifying whether an intervention is biologically active and guide decisions about whether a large deWnitive study is justiWable, a point which Hemilä has overlooked. The second paper cited in Hemilä’s letter (Rothwell 2005) addresses the issue of “generalisability” of the results from clinical trials for informing doctors’ decisions on the treatment of patients. We doubt that our conclusion (that there was no physiologically signiWcant eVect) could be misconstrued in this way or misinterpreted by practitioners for the purposes of treating patients in routine practice (or in a clinical setting). Moreover, we do not claim in any way that our Wndings are generalisable to the general population (would “typical” individuals from the general population really engage in 2.5 h of endurance-type exercise anyway?). We agree with Hemilä’s argument that “clinically relevant outcomes” are required in order to make conclusions about URTI risk but this was not the purpose of our study. There were no meaningful eVects of our intervention on the neutrophil functional measures that we made. This Wnding answered our original research question and we saw no reason to follow up this study with another in which URTI symptoms were recorded. Recording URTI symptoms/episodes in this situation would be very problematic and such results would be of little value. For example, it is almost impossible to control participants’ exposure to pathogens/ infection-causing agents in a “real-to-life” situation. If the same individual is not exposed to the exact same set of pathogens in the monitoring period following each exercise bout (as would almost certainly be the case) then we can take little value from data regarding the incidence of URTI symptoms. It has previously been determined that acute M. Gleeson (&) School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Sir John Beckwith Building, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK e-mail: m.gleeson@lboro.ac.uk

Michael Gleeson

Papers

exercisewith repeated bouts of strenuous endurance Leukocyte counts and lymphocyte responsiveness

Iron Carbide Formation on Thin Iron Films Grown on Cu(100): Fcc Iron Stabilized by a Stable Surface Carbide

Infographic. UEFA expert group 2020 statement on nutrition in elite football

intensified cycling training performance and carbohydrate oxidation after Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on

Response to Hemilä. Did not record upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms/episodes.