Our possessions are a major contributor to and reflection of our identities A variety of evidence is presented supporting this simple and compelling premise Related streams of research are identified and drawn upon in developing this concept and implications are derived for consumer behavior Because the construct of extended self involves consumer behavior rather than buyer behavior, it appears to be a much richer construct than previous formulations positing a relationship between self-concept and consumer brand choice

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2489522.pdf

Possessions and the extended self.

Nos últimos trinta trinta anos, houve profundas mudanças na forma como compreendemos o crime e a justiça criminal. O crime tornou-se um evento simbólico, um verdadeiro teste para a ordem social e para as políticas governamentais, um desafio para a sociedade civil, para a democracia e para os direitos humanos. Segundo David Garland, professor da Faculdade de Direito da New York University, um dos principais autores no campo da Sociologia da Punição e com artigo publicado na Revista de Sociologia e Política , número 13, na modernidade tardia houve uma verdadeira obsessão securitária, direcionando as políticas criminais para um maior rigor em relação às penas e maior intolerância com o criminoso. Há trinta anos, nos EUA e na Inglaterra essa tendência era insuspeita. O livro mostra que os dois países compartilham intrigantes similaridades em suas práticas criminais, a despeito da divisão racial, das desigualdades econômicas e da letalidade violenta que marcam fortemente o cenário americano. Segundo David Garland, encontram-se nos dois países os “mesmos tipos de riscos e inseguranças, a mesma percepção a respeito dos problemas de um controle social não-efetivo, as mesmas críticas da justiça criminal tradicional, e as mesmas ansiedades recorrentes sobre mudança e ordem sociais”1 (GARLAND, 2001, p. 2). O argumento principal da obra é o seguinte: a modernidade tardia, esse distintivo padrão de relações sociais, econômicas e culturais, trouxe consigo um conjunto de riscos, inseguranças e problemas de controle social que deram uma configuração específica às nossas respostas ao crime, ao garantir os altos custos das políticas criminais, o grau máximo de duração das penas e a excessivas taxas de encarceramento.

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsocp/n20/n20a15.pdf

The culture of control: crime and social order in contemporary, society

Contemporary Sociology 7(5) (September 1978):566—68. When the intellectual history of our times comes to be written, that peculiarly Left Bank mixture of Marxism and structuralism now in fashion will be among the most puzzlingofourideastoevaluate.Aliteral “archeology of knowledge” (the title of one of Foucault’s earlier books) will be required to sort out the valuable from the obvious rubbish. I suspect that in this exercise the iconographers of the present (like Barthes) will fare less well than those who have read the past. Of such “historians” (a description which does not really cover his method) Foucault is the most dazzlingly creative. Discipline and Punish (which, shamefully, has taken over two years to be translated into English) follows Madness and Civilization (1961) and The Birth of the Clinic (1971) as the next stage in Foucault’s massive project of tracing the genealogy of control institutions (asylums, teaching hospitals, prisons) and the human sciences symbiotically linked with them (psychiatry, clinical medicine, criminology, penology). His concern throughout is the relationship between power and knowledge, the articulation of each on the other. Here (as he makes explicit in an interview recently published in the English journal, Radical Philosophy) he opposes the humanist position that, once we gain power, we cease to know——it makes us blind—— and that only those who keep their distance from power, who are no way implicated in tyranny, can attain the truth. For Foucault, such forms of knowledge as psychiatry and criminology (with its “garrulous discourses” and “intermidable [sic] repetitions”) are directly related to the exercise of power. Power itself creates new objects of knowledge and accumulates new bodies of information. Thus to “liberate scientific research from the demands of monopoly capitalism” can only be a slogan. Placing such programmatic Big Issues on one side, though, a superficial first reading of the book mightstartatthelevelofitssubtitle, “The Birth of the Prison.” The key historical transition——at the end of the eighteenth century——is from punishment as torture, a public spectacle, to the more economically and politically discreet prison sentence. The body as the major target of penal repression disappears: within a few decades, the grisly spectacles of torture, dismemberment, exposure, amputation, and branding are over. Interest is transferred from the body to the mind; a coercive, solitary, and secret mode of punishment replaces one that was representative, scenic, and collective. Gone is the liturgy of torture and execution, where the triumph of the sovereign was symbolized in the processions, halts at crossroads, public readings of the sentence even after death, where the criminal’s corpse was exhibited or burnt. In its place comes a whole technology of subtle power. When punishment leaves the domain of more or less everyday perception and enters into abstract consciousness, it does not become less effective. But its effectiveness arises from its inevitability not its horrific theatrical intensity. The new power is not to punish less but to In Retrospect: 1978 29

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0094306118815499a

Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison:

Author Ray Pawson presents a devastating critique of the dominant approach to systematic review namely the 'meta-analytic' approach as sponsored by the Cochrane and Campbell collaborations. In its place is commended an approach that he terms 'realist synthesis'. On this vision, the real purpose of systematic review is better to understand program theory, so that policies Author Ray Pawson presents a devastating critique of the dominant approach to systematic review namely the 'meta-analytic' approach as sponsored by the Cochrane and Campbell collaborations. In its place is commended an approach that he terms 'realist synthesis'. On this vision, the real purpose of systematic review is better to understand program theory, so that policies can be properly targeted and developed to counter an ever-changing landscape of social problems. The book will be essential reading for all those who loved (or loathed) the arguments developed in Realistic Evaluation (Sage, 1997). It offers a complete blueprint for research synthesis, supported by detailed illustrations and worked examples from across the policy waterfront.

Evidence-based Policy: A Realist Perspective

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)60692-8.pdf

Prevalence and risk of violence against children with disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Violent and sexual crime

This paper explores the potential for reducing homicide, with a particular focus on the United Kingdom. It draws upon data from the Homicide Index, international research on homicide, and the general crime reduction literature. Homicide is highly diverse in its characteristics, causes and dynamics, so effective strategies to reduce it are likely to require tailoring to specific forms. The paper focuses upon four important categories: domestic (partner) homicide; the killing of infants; alcohol-related homicide; and homicide involving guns and knives. Attention is also paid briefly to issues around ‘dangerous’ offenders and mental disorder, and to homicide victimisation in relation to specific occupations.

Reducing homicide : A review of the possibilities

Summary of problems In summary, then, as many previous studies have found, the short - t e r m prisoners taken on by the sevenPathﬁnders had multiple serious social and individual problems. The average number of ‘signiﬁcant problems’per prisoner was 4.1. Over half were assessed as having signiﬁcant problems in relation to accommodationand drugs, and over 40 per cent in relation to thinking skills and employment (women’s needs wereparticularly prominent in the areas of drugs and employment). Moreover, the indications were that, withoutassistance, the prison experience would exacerbate some of these problems: in particular, the proportionsexpecting to leave prison without a job or permanent accommodation were higher than the pro p o rt i o n swithout jobs or permanent accommodation pre-sentence.While there were fairly close associations, in each prison, between the problems most frequently identiﬁed as‘ s i g n i ﬁ cant’ and the problems given highest priority in prisoners’ action plans, it also appeared that bothassessments and prioritisation were inﬂuenced to some extent by the expertise and orientation of the agencytaking the lead role. The ‘voluntary-led’ schemes, where staff expertise and knowledge was mainly in thetraditional ‘prisoners’ welfare’ area, all identiﬁed accommodation most often as a signiﬁcant problem and allset it as the ﬁrst priority in the highest proportion of cases. By contrast, the probation-led projects appeared to be much more aware of deﬁcits in thinking skills, attitudes,education or training. Whereas in the (voluntary) Pathﬁnders in Birmingham and Lewes, no prisoners weredeemed to need help with ‘thinking skills’ as the highest priority, in the probation-led schemes in Ox/Bucks,Parc and Hull this was set at top priority in 21 per cent, 18 per cent and 9 per cent of cases respectively. Ofcourse, these were also the three prisons which ran the F.O.R. … A Changeprogramme, training in whichundoubtedly contributed to staff awareness of this kind of problem. Interestingly, OASys scores, which are intended to provide a standard ‘objective’ assessment of problems,also varied to a greater degree than one might expect, suggesting that they too may be inﬂuenced more thanpreviously thought by the background or approach of the assessor.

https://lemosandcrane.co.uk/resources/Home%20Office%20-%20Resettlement%20of%20short-term%20prisoners.pdf

The resettlement of short-term prisoners: an evaluation of seven Pathfinders

This article provides an ‘insider’ perspective on the work of the Correctional Services Accreditation Panel (CSAP) of England and Wales, a key plank of the government’s ‘What Works’ strategy and in...

/pdf/what-works-and-the-correctional-services-accreditation-panel-230qlfec63.pdf

Mike Maguire

Papers

Violent and sexual crime

Reducing homicide : A review of the possibilities

The resettlement of short-term prisoners: an evaluation of seven Pathfinders

‘What Works’ and the Correctional Services Accreditation Panel: Taking stock from an inside perspective:

Criminal Statistics and The Construction of Crime