자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Qualitative case study methodology provides tools for researchers to study complex phenomena within their contexts. When the approach is applied correctly, it becomes a valuable method for health science research to develop theory, evaluate programs, and develop interventions. The purpose of this paper is to guide the novice researcher in identifying the key elements for designing and implementing qualitative case study research projects. An overview of the types of case study designs is provided along with general recommendations for writing the research questions, developing propositions, determining the “case” under study, binding the case and a discussion of data sources and triangulation. To facilitate application of these principles, clear examples of research questions, study propositions and the different types of case study designs

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Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers

The case study approach allows in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex issues in their real-life settings. The value of the case study approach is well recognised in the fields of business, law and policy, but somewhat less so in health services research. Based on our experiences of conducting several health-related case studies, we reflect on the different types of case study design, the specific research questions this approach can help answer, the data sources that tend to be used, and the particular advantages and disadvantages of employing this methodological approach. The paper concludes with key pointers to aid those designing and appraising proposals for conducting case study research, and a checklist to help readers assess the quality of case study reports.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2F1471-2288-11-100.pdf

The case study approach

Purpose: To explore various types of triangulation strategies and to indicate when different types of triangulation should be used in research.

Methods: Reviews included literature on triangulation and multimethod strategies published since 1960 and research books specifically focusing on triangulation.

Findings: Triangulation is the combination of at least two or more theoretical perspectives, methodological approaches, data sources, investigators, or data analysis methods. The intent of using triangulation is to decrease, negate, or counterbalance the deficiency of a single strategy, thereby increasing the ability to interpret the findings.

Conclusions: The use of triangulation strategies does not strengthen a flawed study. Researchers should use triangulation if it can contribute to understanding the phenomenon; however, they must be able to articulate why the strategy is being used and how it might enhance the study.

https://www.utas.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/165208/the-point-of-triangulation.pdf

The point of triangulation.

ed summaries and general concepts can be formulated, which may, upon further investigation, be found to be germane to a wider variety of settings. Case studies, therefore are not necessarily restricted

/pdf/qualitative-research-methods-in-health-technology-assessment-1ma11mg407.pdf

Qualitative research methods in health technology assessment: a review of the literature.

Increasing numbers of people are dying in care homes yet little is known about the nature and quality of their deaths. The limited research available suggests that there is a need to promote a philosophy of palliative care that is not confined to the terminal phase of life. However, adopting such an approach appears to be inhibited by a lack of understanding, education and training, as well as continuing reluctance to discuss issues of death and dying in an open and honest way. Drawing on data from a large convenience sample of caregivers in New Zealand this article argues for a reappraisal of the way in which care homes view death and dying and advocates the more widespread adoption of a palliative care philosophy.

Palliative care philosophy in care homes: lessons from New Zealand.

The 1995 Carers (Recognition and Services) Act became law in April 1996, for the first time affording family (informal) carers a statutory right to an assessment of their needs. However, if carers are to benefit from the Act then a fundamental reappraisal of the way in which service providers perceive their relationship with carers is necessary. This paper considers the role that community health nurses can play in developing practice in this important, but neglected, area. Whilst acknowledging that the new legislation represents an important step forward the authors also highlight some of its inherent limitations. Subsequently, attention is turned to an emerging conceptual framework – ‘carers as experts’ – which, it is argued, provides the foundation for a more relevant, comprehensive and sensitive assessment process. The essential elements of this framework are outlined and its incorporation within a temporal model of the caregiving process is described.

The Carers Act: realising the potential

The second article in the research series attempts to answer the question ‘What is research?’ by addressing issues concerned with the meaning and purpose of research. The article also outlines some of the principal differences between the major approaches to research.

What is research? Some definitions and dilemmas

This article discusses the importance of measurement in research and in nursing generally The process of operationalisation is described and different levels of measurement are outlined

Measurement in research

This article is the third in a series concerned with the nurse's role in rehabilitation dealing with both individuals and their family carers facing the challenges posed by a number of chronic conditions. This article focuses on arthritis. Following the format of earlier articles attention is first turned to patients' experiences of arthritis. This is then followed by consideration of a range of psychosocial interventions. It is suggested that the nurse's role in arthritis care is reasonably well established; however, further developments, particularly in the community, are briefly explored.

Mike Nolan

Papers

Palliative care philosophy in care homes: lessons from New Zealand.

The Carers Act: realising the potential

What is research? Some definitions and dilemmas

Measurement in research

Arthritis and rehabilitation: developments in the nurse's role.