There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals

Rod Borup is a Team Leader in the fuel cell program at Los Alamos National Lab in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He received his B.S.E. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Iowa in 1988 and his Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 1993. He has worked on fuel cell technology since 1994, working in the areas of hydrogen production and PEM fuel cell stack components. He has been awarded 12 U.S. patents, authored over 40 papers related to fuel cell technology, and presented over 50 oral papers at national meetings. His current main research area is related to water transport in PEM fuel cells and PEM fuel cell durability. Recently, he was awarded the 2005 DOE Hydrogen Program R&D Award for the most significant R&D contribution of the year for his team's work in fuel cell durability and was the Principal Investigator for the 2004 Fuel Cell Seminar (San Antonio, TX, USA) Best Poster Award. Jeremy Meyers is an Assistant Professor of materials science and engineering and mechanical engineering at the University of Texas at Austin, where his research focuses on the development of electrochemical energy systems and materials. Prior to joining the faculty at Texas, Jeremy workedmore » as manager of the advanced transportation technology group at UTC Power, where he was responsible for developing new system designs and components for automotive PEM fuel cell power plants. While at UTC Power, Jeremy led several customer development projects and a DOE-sponsored investigation into novel catalysts and membranes for PEM fuel cells. Jeremy has coauthored several papers on key mechanisms of fuel cell degradation and is a co-inventor of several patents. In 2006, Jeremy and several colleagues received the George Mead Medal, UTC's highest award for engineering achievement, and he served as the co-chair of the Gordon Research Conference on fuel cells. Jeremy received his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley and holds a Bachelor's Degree in Chemical Engineering from Stanford University. Bryan Pivovar received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin in 1994. He completed his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering at the University of Minnesota in 2000 under the direction of Profs. Ed Cussler and Bill Smyrl, studying transport properties in fuel cell electrolytes. He continued working in the area of polymer electrolyte fuel cells at Los Alamos National Laboratory as a post-doc (2000-2001), as a technical staff member (2001-2005), and in his current position as a team leader (2005-present). In this time, Bryan's research has expanded to include further aspects of fuel cell operation, including electrodes, subfreezing effects, alternative polymers, hydroxide conductors, fuel cell interfaces, impurities, water transport, and high-temperature membranes. Bryan has served at various levels in national and international conferences and workshops, including organizing a DOE sponsored workshop on freezing effects in fuel cells and an ARO sponsored workshop on alkaline membrane fuel cells, and he was co-chair of the 2007 Gordon Research Conference on Fuel Cells. Minoru Inaba is a Professor at the Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Japan. He received his B.Sc. from the Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University, in 1984 and his M.Sc. in 1986 and his Dr. Eng. in 1995 from the Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University. He has worked on electrochemical energy conversion systems including fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries at Kyoto University (1992-2002) and at Doshisha University (2002-present). His primary research interest is the durability of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), in particular, membrane degradation, and he has been involved in NEDO R&D research projects on PEFC durability since 2001. He has authored over 140 technical papers and 30 review articles. Kenichiro Ota is a Professor of the Chemical Energy Laboratory at the Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Japan. He received his B.S.E. in Applied Chemistry from the University of Tokyo in 1968 and his Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo in 1973. He has worked on hydrogen energy and fuel cells since 1974, working on materials science for fuel cells and water electrolysis. He has published more than 150 original papers, 70 review papers, and 50 scientific books. He is now the president of the Hydrogen Energy Systems Society of Japan, the chairman of the Fuel Cell Research Group of the Electrochemical Society of Japan, and the chairman of the National Committee for the Standardization of the Stationary Fuel Cells. ABSTRACT TRUNCATED« less

Scientific aspects of polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability and degradation.

介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2. Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

Ultracapacitors: Why, How, and Where is the Technology

Radiation induced grafting of styrene onto poly(ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) copolymer film was carried out to prepare graft copolymer (ETFE-g-polystyrene) that can host sulfonic acid groups and form proton exchange membrane for polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). The effect of monomer concentration and type of solvent on the degree of grafting was investigated. The formation of graft copolymer film was confirmed by FTIR spectrum analysis.

Preparation of proton exchange membrane by radiation-induced grafting method : Grafting of styrene onto poly(ethylene tetrafluoroethylene) copolymer films

Inverse vulcanization reaction has been previously utilized in diverse range of studies however, those studies used petroleum derived, terpenes and edible vegetable oils as monomers for this reaction. The depleting abundance, high synthesis and purification cost and high food market demand make them less sustainable feedstocks. Herein, we reported the synthesis of the inverse vulcanized copolymers utilizing abundantly available non-edible oil as alternative monomer. The properties of the obtained copolymers were evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Powdered X-ray Diffractogram (p-XRD). Disappearance of the cis alkene characteristics (at 1660 and 3009 cm−1) peaks from spectra of all copolymers and appearance of new peak at 804 cm−1 confirms the formation of the copolymer and presence of some unreacted sulfur was revealed by p-XRD as some crystalline peaks appeared in the diffractogram. SEM images revealed the composite morphology of copolymers and confirmed the presence of unreacted sulfur particles. So, it can be concluded that taramira oil can be successfully used as an alternative monomer to edible oil with same results. 

Preparation and characterization of inverse vulcanized copolymers using taramira oil

In a first step towards preparation of cation exchange membrane, styrene monomer was grafted onto polypropylene (PP) film using simultaneous radiation-induced grafting technique The effect of monomer concentration and irradiation dose on the degree of grafting was investigated The grafting yield was found to increase until 40 % monomer concentration and beyond which tends to level off The degree of grafting was found to increase gradually to the irradiation dose The obtained grafted PP films (PP-g-PS) were characterized by FTIR-ATR to confirm the presence of polystyrene grafts in the PP films

Cation exchange membrane by radiation-induced grafting of styrene onto polpypropylene : Effect of grafting conditions

Functional polymeric biomaterials (FPBMs) with bioactive characteristics obtained by radiation-induced graft copolymerisation (RIGC) have been subjected to intensive research and developed into many commercial products. Various studies have reported the development of a variety of radiation-grafted FPBMs. However, no reports dealing with the quantitative evaluations of these studies from a global bibliographic perspective have been published. Such bibliographic analysis can provide information to overcome the limitations of the databases and identify the main research trends, together with challenges and future directions. This review aims to provide an unprecedented bibliometric analysis of the published literature on the use of RIGC for the preparation of FPBMs and their applications in medical, biomedical, biotechnological, and health care fields. A total of 235 publications obtained from the Web of Science (WoS) in the period of 1985–2021 were retrieved, screened, and evaluated. The records were used to manifest the contributions to each field and underline not only the top authors, journals, citations, years of publication, and countries but also to highlight the core research topics and the hubs for research excellence on these materials. The obtained data overviews are likely to provide guides to early-career scientists and their research institutions and promote the development of new, timely needed radiation-grafted FPBMs, in addition to extending their applications.

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Bibliometrics of Functional Polymeric Biomaterials with Bioactive Properties Prepared by Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerisation: A Review

The wide spread application of boron in various industries such as glass and fiberglass, ceramics, abrasives, detergents and soaps, fertilizer, enamels, insecticides, semiconductors, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals has left many surface and waste water streams polluted. Thus, there is a growing global demand for new chelating materials and efficient separation systems for removal of boron from different water streams. This is because the existing boron removal technologies are challenged by slow performance coupled with high treatment cost caused by strict low boron concentration required in water bodies and discharged wastewater to meet the newly imposed regulation [1]. Selective adsorbents obtained by modification of polymeric fibres with radiation induced grafting of functionalized monomers are potential materials for improving the performance of current ion exchange systems operated based on granular chelating resins for boron removal to desired low levels [2]. In this work, a new adsorbent having microfibrous structure was prepared by radiation induced grafting of 4-chloromethylstyrene (CMS) onto nylon-6 fibres waste followed by functionalisation with N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) and testing for boron removal from solutions in batch and continuous column modes as schematised in Fig. 1. The degree of grafting (DOG) in the adsorbent precursor was tuned by variation of reaction parameters and and optimum DOG of 130% was achieved at a CMS concentration of 20 vol% in methanol, a total dose of 300 kGy, a temperature of 30 °C and a reaction time of 3 h. A maximum glucamine density of 1.7 mmol/g was loaded in the adsorbent at 121% DG, 10.60% NMDG concentration, 81 °C reaction temperature and 47 min reaction time. The chemical composition, morphology and structural changes in nylon-6 fibres caused by grafting of CMS and subsequent glucamine treatment were monitored by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The thermal properties were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the thermal stability was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The mechanical properties were investigated with a universal mechanical tester. The obtained fibrous adsorbent displayed an increase in the average fibre diameter compared to original and grafted fibres (Fig. 2). The adsorbent showed 100% removal efficiency for boron removal from solutions at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L, temperature 30 °C, reaction time 2 h and pH of 7. The new adsorbent can also achieve a maximum adsorption capacity of 13.8 mg/g at pH 7, which is 20% higher than that of commercial granular resins. The adsorption isotherm of boron on the fibrous adsorbent was best fitted to Redlich-Peterson isotherm model whereas the adsorption kinetic behaviour is well fitted by the pseudo-second-order model. The new fibrous adsorbent also showed rapid kinetics compared to commercial resin as indicated by the reduction in the adsorption equilibrium time from 60 min for commercial resins to 30 min. The breakthrough curves obtained from column studies conducted under dynamic conditions (initial concentration 10 mg/L and pH 7) shown in Fig. 3 suggest that the fibrous adsorbent is about 2.2 times faster than granular resin. The adsorption capacity of boron remained almost constant after five cycles of adsorption/desorption cycles suggesting a good chemical stability. Considering the essential properties such as high external surface area, rapid kinetics, high adsorption capacity, mechanical strength and chemical stability, it can be suggested that the new fibrous adsorbent obtained from nylon-6 fibres waste is highly promising for boron removal from solutions. The technology developed in this work can be harnessed for preparation of various types of adsorbents for chemical decontamination of industrial waste water, surface water and underground water using a variety of waste polymer materials of different morphologies (fibres, fabric and films). References: [1] Nasef, M.M., Nallapan, M., Ujang Z. Polymer-based chelating adsorbents for the selective removal of boron from water and wastewater: A Review. Reactive and Functional Polymers 2014. 85, 54–68. [2] Nasef, M.M., Guven, O. Radiation-grafted copolymers for separation and purification purposes: status, challenges and future directions, Progress in Polymer Science 2012, 37 (12) 1597–1656.

Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef

Papers

Preparation of proton exchange membrane by radiation-induced grafting method : Grafting of styrene onto poly(ethylene tetrafluoroethylene) copolymer films

Preparation and characterization of inverse vulcanized copolymers using taramira oil

Cation exchange membrane by radiation-induced grafting of styrene onto polpypropylene : Effect of grafting conditions

Bibliometrics of Functional Polymeric Biomaterials with Bioactive Properties Prepared by Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerisation: A Review

New Selective Adsorbent from Modified Waste Nylon-6 Microfibers for Removal of Boron from Waters