Malaysia is among the top most important palm oil producers in the world. The country is experiencing a robust development in new oil palm plantations and palm oil mills. This commodity plays a significant role in the Malaysia economic growth. As this industry becomes bigger and wider, a substantial amount of oil palm wastes is generated and create the problem of biomass waste overload. This problem tends to burden the operators with disposal difficulties and escalates the operating cost. Oil palm waste has significant potential in many applications. Traditionally, through mechanical conversion, some of the wastes are converted into organic fertilizers, animal feedstock or soil conditioner in oil palm plantations. Apart from mechanical conversion, thermochemical processes such as direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis and liquefaction are the methods that are useful to transform the waste into value-added products. Recently, liquefaction has gained good attention in order to utilize the waste because of its simplicity and ability to yield a product that combine both of the useful functional groups present in liquefying solvents and the biomass. Within the scope, the objective of this paper is to review the current situation related to the oil palm industry in Malaysia, availability of the oil palm waste and its utilization through thermochemical conversion, with specific regards to the liquefaction process.

An overview of the oil palm industry in Malaysia and its waste utilization through thermochemical conversion, specifically via liquefaction

Empty fruit bunch (EFB) from oil palm is one of the potential biomass to produce biofuels like bio-oil due to its abundant supply and favorable physicochemical characteristics. Confirming the assertion, this paper presents an overview of EFB as a feedstock for bio-oil production. The fundamental characteristics of EFB in terms of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and chemical composition, as well as the recent advances in EFB conversion processes for bio-oil production like pyrolysis and solvolysis are outlined and discussed. A comparison of properties in terms of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and fuel properties between the bio-oil from EFB and petroleum fuel oil is included. The major challenges and future prospects towards the utilization of EFB as a useful resource for bio-oil production are also addressed.

An overview of empty fruit bunch from oil palm as feedstock for bio-oil production

Among renewable energy sources, the share of biomass in total energy consumption in Turkey is increasing. Fuelwood and animal waste biomass are extensively used for heating and cooking in urban and rural areas. It has been estimated that Turkey has recoverable energy potential mainly originating from agricultural, livestock breeding, wood and forest processing, and municipality wastes. Annual production of wastes in the country amounts to 30 million tons. Turkey also produces 1.5 million tons of biodiesel, 3 million tons of bioethanol and 2.5–4.0 billion m3 of biogas per year. In Turkey, total biomass production is expected to reach a level of 52.5 Mtoe by 2030. Malaysia produces annually approximately 168 million tons of biomass, including timber, oil palm waste, rice husks, coconut trunk fibers, municipal and sugarcane wastes. Every year, nearly 58 million tons of palm oil mill effluent are produced in Malaysia. It has been estimated that the country has the potential to generate around 15 billion m3 of biogas annually. Estimates also show that Malaysia can produce more than 2400 MW of biomass and 410 MW of biogas, however, only 773 MW of the total potential was harnessed until 2011. The National Biomass Strategy 2020 proposes a scenario according to which an additional 20 million tonnes of oil palm biomass could be utilized by the year 2020 for higher value uses, which could significantly contribute to improving Malaysia's economy. Both countries have good potential to use biomass resources, but political backing and sustainable planning are necessary. In this review article, we try to compare future energy scenarios, renewable energy and biomass potentials of Turkey and Malaysia, while providing an insight into data on different biomass availability and its probable contribution to both nations’ economies.

Biomass and bioenergy: An overview of the development potential in Turkey and Malaysia

Energy plays a pivotal role for the economic development of a country. A reliable source of energy is needed to improve the living standard of people. Today, industrial progress plays a vital role in the development of any country but the industrial progress depends on reliable supply of electricity. However, Pakistan is passing through an energy crisis that is seriously affecting the lives of people. The main reason for the energy crisis is rapidly increasing the prices of hydro-carbon resources and lack of planning to foresee the increasing energy demand in the country. Renewable energy (RE) can play an important role to minimize this crisis. Besides the depletion of fossil fuel, the accumulation of their emissions has catastrophic effects on our environment. Modern civilizations are more curious about environmental cleanliness. Environmental pollution is supposed to be a serious threat to the life on our planet. Our earth could heat up by several degrees in future if we do not stop using non-renewable energy resources. In this article, the exiting production of renewable energy through different RE technologies is discussed and the potential capacity of production of energy through these technologies in Pakistan is studied. Some suggestions are also proposed to increase the RE share in the energy mix of the country.

Recent progress in renewable energy – Remedy of energy crisis in Pakistan

Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is a waste material generated in power plants as a result of the combustion of palm oil industry waste for the generation of electricity. They are generally disposed to open fields causing traffic hazards besides potential of health hazards and environmental pollution problems. Due to its abundance and high pozzolanic characteristics, many researchers have evaluated its potential as a construction material. This paper presents an overview of some of the published results on the successful utilization of palm oil fuel ash as a supplementary cementitious material and the properties of such concrete at fresh and hardened stages. Studies indicate that there is a promising future for the use of POFA in normal, high strength and self compacting concrete as it shows high strength, low shrinkage and permeability, high resistance to carbonation, chloride, sulfate and acidic environments. At elevated temperature, the POFA concrete perform better than the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. The summery and discussions provided in this paper should provide new information and knowledge on the applications of greener and sustainable palm oil fuel ash concrete.

Sustainable concrete containing palm oil fuel ash as a supplementary cementitious material – A review

Strengthening the palm oil biomass Renewable Energy industry in Malaysia

Sustainable electricity generation from oil palm biomass wastes in Malaysia: An industry survey

The renewable energy (RE) industry in Malaysia began in 2001 in the context of the growing concern about future depletion of conventional fuels and the global environmental concerns about greenhouse gas emissions. The Small Renewable Energy Programme (SREP) is a tool that was first designed to drive the development of the industry based on the abundance of oil palm biomass reserves and other identified renewable energy resources. Due to the slow uptake of this scheme, a new system, the Feed-in Tariff (FiT) was introduced in 2011 to stimulate the industry. By considering the deficiencies of the previous scheme, this paper examines the sustainability of the FiT policy framework in steering the future expansion of small-scale biomass renewable energy businesses in Malaysia. Resulting from the evaluation of the current policy settings and a market based appraisal, this work outlines strategies for enhancing the scheme and suggests future studies aimed at improving the flaws in the present system.

/pdf/generating-renewable-energy-from-oil-palm-biomass-in-1eoc700qq1.pdf

Generating renewable energy from oil palm biomass in Malaysia: The Feed-in Tariff policy framework

A policy framework and industry roadmap model for sustainable oil palm biomass electricity generation in Malaysia

Modern world is technically touching the zenith of progress and is considered as the backbone of any country for its development. Every country is busy to strengthen this threshold and make their space among the ultra modern countries of the world. Millions of budget is utilized to enhance the technological power and emancipate this field in order to save the country from any derogatory wars and other type of plagues that may become the reason of their downfall. Among all the technological advancements every country wishes to strengthen the bond of defense and make sure to save their country from any derogatory wars .The defense sphere of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is developing with leaps and bounds. The methodical minds working in this techno field of AGI have formulated numerous hypotheses by striving their minds regarding the existence of human beliefs, but somehow there exists some contradictions. This present study will explore and analyze that what AGI protection scholars , up to the beginning of 2018, have jotted about the outcomes of human beliefs. This study will investigate about the well supported hypothesis by using the mechanism and technique of Theory classification system in order to indicate the difficulty of describing and unfolding the character of human beliefs regarding the innovative technique of AGI.

Mohd Shaharin Umar

Papers

Strengthening the palm oil biomass Renewable Energy industry in Malaysia

Sustainable electricity generation from oil palm biomass wastes in Malaysia: An industry survey

Generating renewable energy from oil palm biomass in Malaysia: The Feed-in Tariff policy framework

A policy framework and industry roadmap model for sustainable oil palm biomass electricity generation in Malaysia

Progressive perspective of artificial general intelligence and its scope in future