다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that have been associated with severe toxic effects to vertebrates produced by many important phytopathogenic and food spoilage fungi including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria species. The contamination of foods and animal feeds with mycotoxins is a worldwide problem. We reviewed various control strategies to prevent the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi as well as to inhibit mycotoxin biosynthesis including pre-harvest (resistance varieties, field management and the use of biological and chemical agents), harvest management, and post-harvest (improving of drying and storage conditions, the use of natural and chemical agents, and irradiation) applications. While much work in this area has been performed on the most economically important mycotoxins, aflatoxin B(1) and ochratoxin A much less information is available on other mycotoxins such as trichothecenes, fumonisin B(1), zearalenone, citrinin, and patulin. In addition, physical, chemical, and biological detoxification methods used to prevent exposure to the toxic and carcinogenic effect of mycotoxins are discussed. Finally, dietary strategies, which are one of the most recent approaches to counteract the mycotoxin problem with special emphasis on in vivo and in vitro efficacy of several of binding agents (activated carbons, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, bentonite, zeolites, and lactic acid bacteria) have also been reviewed.

Strategies to Prevent Mycotoxin Contamination of Food and Animal Feed: A Review

High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX), defined as a dose higher than 500 mg/m2, is used to treat a range of adult and childhood cancers. Although HDMTX is safely administered to most patients, it can cause significant toxicity, including acute kidney injury (AKI) in 2%-12% of patients. Nephrotoxicity results from crystallization of methotrexate in the renal tubular lumen, leading to tubular toxicity. AKI and other toxicities of high-dose methotrexate can lead to significant morbidity, treatment delays, and diminished renal function. Risk factors for methotrexate-associated toxicity include a history of renal dysfunction, volume depletion, acidic urine, and drug interactions. Renal toxicity leads to impaired methotrexate clearance and prolonged exposure to toxic concentrations, which further worsen renal function and exacerbate nonrenal adverse events, including myelosuppression, mucositis, dermatologic toxicity, and hepatotoxicity. Serum creatinine, urine output, and serum methotrexate concentration are monitored to assess renal clearance, with concurrent hydration, urinary alkalinization, and leucovorin rescue to prevent and mitigate AKI and subsequent toxicity. When delayed methotrexate excretion or AKI occurs despite preventive strategies, increased hydration, high-dose leucovorin, and glucarpidase are usually sufficient to allow renal recovery without the need for dialysis. Prompt recognition and effective treatment of AKI and associated toxicities mitigate further toxicity, facilitate renal recovery, and permit patients to receive other chemotherapy or resume HDMTX therapy when additional courses are indicated. Implications for practice High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX), defined as a dose higher than 500 mg/m2, is used for a range of cancers. Although HDMTX is safely administered to most patients, it can cause significant toxicity, including acute kidney injury (AKI), attributable to crystallization of methotrexate in the renal tubular lumen, leading to tubular toxicity. When AKI occurs despite preventive strategies, increased hydration, high-dose leucovorin, and glucarpidase allow renal recovery without the need for dialysis. This article, based on a review of the current associated literature, provides comprehensive recommendations for prevention of toxicity and, when necessary, detailed treatment guidance to mitigate AKI and subsequent toxicity.

Preventing and Managing Toxicities of High-Dose Methotrexate

Voltammetric Techniques for the Assay of Pharmaceuticals-a Review

The Merck Index An Encyclopedia Of Chemicals Drugs And Biologicals

Liquid chromatographic determination of fluoxetine.

Simultaneous determination of loratadine and pseudoephedrine sulfate in pharmaceutical formulation by RP-LC and derivative spectrophotometry.

Polarographic behaviour of loratadine and its direct determination in pharmaceutical formulation and human plasma by cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry.

The applications of surfactants in various fields are gaining more attention, which makes full characterization of surfactants of growing interest. It is fundamental to measure the critical micelle...

Spectroscopic methods for determination of critical micelle concentrations of surfactants; a comprehensive review

A highly selective and sensitive method was developed for simultaneous determination of the antihistaminic drug hydroxyzine (HZ) and its pharmacologically active metabolite cetirizine (CZ) in human serum using haloperidol as internal standard. The method was based on fluorescence labeling of both drugs with a fluorescent arylboronic acid 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl boronic acid followed by separation on silica column using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water (90:10, v/v%) containing triethylamine and acetic acid. The labeling reaction conditions were optimized and the liquid–liquid extraction method was successfully applied to extract the both drugs from serum. The linearity range was 0.025–2.00 µg/mL for HZ and CZ. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) was 10 and 5 ng/mL for HZ and CZ, respectively. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Mokhtar M. Mabrouk

Papers

Liquid chromatographic determination of fluoxetine.

Simultaneous determination of loratadine and pseudoephedrine sulfate in pharmaceutical formulation by RP-LC and derivative spectrophotometry.

Polarographic behaviour of loratadine and its direct determination in pharmaceutical formulation and human plasma by cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry.

Spectroscopic methods for determination of critical micelle concentrations of surfactants; a comprehensive review

Precolumn fluorescence labeling method for simultaneous determination of hydroxyzine and cetirizine in human serum.