다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that have been associated with severe toxic effects to vertebrates produced by many important phytopathogenic and food spoilage fungi including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria species. The contamination of foods and animal feeds with mycotoxins is a worldwide problem. We reviewed various control strategies to prevent the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi as well as to inhibit mycotoxin biosynthesis including pre-harvest (resistance varieties, field management and the use of biological and chemical agents), harvest management, and post-harvest (improving of drying and storage conditions, the use of natural and chemical agents, and irradiation) applications. While much work in this area has been performed on the most economically important mycotoxins, aflatoxin B(1) and ochratoxin A much less information is available on other mycotoxins such as trichothecenes, fumonisin B(1), zearalenone, citrinin, and patulin. In addition, physical, chemical, and biological detoxification methods used to prevent exposure to the toxic and carcinogenic effect of mycotoxins are discussed. Finally, dietary strategies, which are one of the most recent approaches to counteract the mycotoxin problem with special emphasis on in vivo and in vitro efficacy of several of binding agents (activated carbons, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, bentonite, zeolites, and lactic acid bacteria) have also been reviewed.

Strategies to Prevent Mycotoxin Contamination of Food and Animal Feed: A Review

High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX), defined as a dose higher than 500 mg/m2, is used to treat a range of adult and childhood cancers. Although HDMTX is safely administered to most patients, it can cause significant toxicity, including acute kidney injury (AKI) in 2%-12% of patients. Nephrotoxicity results from crystallization of methotrexate in the renal tubular lumen, leading to tubular toxicity. AKI and other toxicities of high-dose methotrexate can lead to significant morbidity, treatment delays, and diminished renal function. Risk factors for methotrexate-associated toxicity include a history of renal dysfunction, volume depletion, acidic urine, and drug interactions. Renal toxicity leads to impaired methotrexate clearance and prolonged exposure to toxic concentrations, which further worsen renal function and exacerbate nonrenal adverse events, including myelosuppression, mucositis, dermatologic toxicity, and hepatotoxicity. Serum creatinine, urine output, and serum methotrexate concentration are monitored to assess renal clearance, with concurrent hydration, urinary alkalinization, and leucovorin rescue to prevent and mitigate AKI and subsequent toxicity. When delayed methotrexate excretion or AKI occurs despite preventive strategies, increased hydration, high-dose leucovorin, and glucarpidase are usually sufficient to allow renal recovery without the need for dialysis. Prompt recognition and effective treatment of AKI and associated toxicities mitigate further toxicity, facilitate renal recovery, and permit patients to receive other chemotherapy or resume HDMTX therapy when additional courses are indicated. Implications for practice High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX), defined as a dose higher than 500 mg/m2, is used for a range of cancers. Although HDMTX is safely administered to most patients, it can cause significant toxicity, including acute kidney injury (AKI), attributable to crystallization of methotrexate in the renal tubular lumen, leading to tubular toxicity. When AKI occurs despite preventive strategies, increased hydration, high-dose leucovorin, and glucarpidase allow renal recovery without the need for dialysis. This article, based on a review of the current associated literature, provides comprehensive recommendations for prevention of toxicity and, when necessary, detailed treatment guidance to mitigate AKI and subsequent toxicity.

Preventing and Managing Toxicities of High-Dose Methotrexate

Voltammetric Techniques for the Assay of Pharmaceuticals-a Review

The Merck Index An Encyclopedia Of Chemicals Drugs And Biologicals

Biomass and biowastes stand as sustainable and cost-effective environmentally benign alternative feedstock. Chitosan is a biocompatible, bioactive, and biodegradable biopolymer derived from chitin to achieve eight aspects out of the 12 green chemistry principles. Chitosan got significant attention in several fields including chemical analysis, in addition to chemical functionally, which enabled its use as adsorbent and its structural crosslinking using various crosslinkers. The physicochemical, technological, and optical properties of chitosan have been extensively exploited in analysis. Mainly, deacetylation degree and molecular weight are controlling its properties and hence controlling its functions. This review presents a structure, properties, and functions relationships of chitosan. It also aims to provide an overview of the different functions that chitosan can serve in each analytical technique such as supporting matrix, catalyst…etc. The contribution of chitosan in improving the ecological performance is discussed in each technique.

A Critical Review of Analytical Applications of Chitosan as a Sustainable Chemical with Functions Galore.

A fluorogenic derivatization method for the determination of chlorpropamide in human serum was developed by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The Suzuki coupling reaction with a non-fluorescent reagent, phenylboronic acid (PBA), was employed to convert chlorpropamide into highly fluorescent biphenyl derivative. Chlorpropamide was extracted from human serum by liquid–liquid extraction with toluene after addition of hydrochloric acid, and subsequently reacted with PBA. Because the fluorogenic derivatization was highly selective for aryl halide, the proposed method allowed sensitive and selective detection of chlorpropamide with a detection limit (at a signal to noise ratio of 3) of 0.5 ng mL−1. The sensitivity of our method was from 4 to 100 times better than HPLC–UV, gas chromatography, and LC-mass spectrometry.

HPLC Determination of Chlorpropamide in Human Serum by Fluorogenic Derivatization Based on the Suzuki Coupling Reaction with Phenylboronic Acid

A new chiral reversed-phase (RP)-HPLC method with UV detection was developed. Enantioselective resolution of ibuprofen (IBP) was achieved using (3R,4S)-4-(3,5-dinitrobenzamido)-3-(3-(trioxysilyl)- propyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-phenanthrene [(R,R)-Whelk-O2] chiral stationary phase (4.6 mm id × 250 mm, 10 μm) with a mobile phase composed of ethanol-water (30 + 70, v/v) containing 100 mM ammonium acetate at a flow rate of 1.3 mL/min using diode array detector at λ 220 nm. Calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 20-180 μg/mL for both IBP enantiomers. Mean % recoveries ±SD of 99.74 ± 1.73 and 99.60 ± 0.93 were obtained for dexibuprofen (dex-IBP) and levoibuprofen (levo-IBP), respectively. Intra- and interday precision calculated as RSD, % were not more than 1.66% for dex-IBP and 1.93% for levo-IBP. The detection limits were 2.09 and 2.06 μg/mL for dex-IBP and levo-IBP, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination of dex-IBP in tablet dosage form.

A Validated Enantioselective HPLC Method for Determination of Ibuprofen Enantiomers in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form

New chemometric approaches were applied to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for simultaneous determination of esomeprazole magenisum trihydrate and naproxen in their synthetic mixture. These chemometric approaches were applied to the multiwavelength HPLC peak area ratio obtained by plotting the chromatograms at the five wavelengths using diclofenac sodium as internal standard (IS). The multichromatograms were obtained by using the diode array detector (DAD). A mixture of 20 mM acetate buffer (pH=4.2) and acetonitrile (35:65, v/v) was used as a mobile phase on a 5μm (4.6 x 250mm) Inertsil® C18 Column at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min to separate and determine the investigated drugs in their synthetic mixture. For comparison purposes, a new validated developed classic HPLC method at 299 nm was used to confirm the results obtained from HPLC-chemometric calibration techniques. There was no significant difference between the methods compared.

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Simultaneous determination of esomeprazole magenisum trihydrate and naproxen by combined hplc-chemometric techniques and rp- hplc method

The binding of small molecular drugs with human serum albumin (HSA) has a crucial influence on their pharmacokinetics. The binding interaction between the antihypertensive Eplerenone (EPL)and HSA was investigated using multi-spectroscopic techniques for the first time. These techniques include UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), native fluorescence spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking approach. The fluorescence spectroscopic study showed that EPL quenched HSA inherent fluorescence. The mechanism for quenching of HSA by EPL has been determined to be static in nature and confirmed by UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The modified Stern-Volmer equation was used to estimate the binding constant (Kb ) as well as the number of bindings (n). The results indicated that the binding occurs at a single site (Kb;2.238 x 103 L mol-1 at 298 K). The enthalpy and entropy changes (∆H and ∆S) were 58.061 and 0.258 K J mol-1 , respectively, illustrating that the principal intermolecular interactions stabilizing the EPL-HSA system are hydrophobic forces. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that EPL binding to HSA occurred around the tyrosine residue (Tyr) and this agreed with the molecular docking study. The FRET analysis confirmed the static quenching mechanism. The esterase enzyme activity of HSA was also evaluated showing its decrease in the presence of EPL. Furthermore, docking analysis and site-specific markers experiment revealed that EPL binds with HSA at subdomain IB (site III).

Mokhtar M. Mabrouk

Papers

A Critical Review of Analytical Applications of Chitosan as a Sustainable Chemical with Functions Galore.

HPLC Determination of Chlorpropamide in Human Serum by Fluorogenic Derivatization Based on the Suzuki Coupling Reaction with Phenylboronic Acid

A Validated Enantioselective HPLC Method for Determination of Ibuprofen Enantiomers in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form

Simultaneous determination of esomeprazole magenisum trihydrate and naproxen by combined hplc-chemometric techniques and rp- hplc method

Multi-Spectroscopic, thermodynamic and molecular docking studies to investigate the interaction of eplerenone with human serum albumin.