Showing papers by "Motonobu Goto published in 2017"

The E/Z isomer ratio of lycopene in foods and effect of heating with edible oils and fats on isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene

Abstract: Since Z-isomers of lycopene are more bioavailable and show a higher antioxidant capacity than the (all-E)-isomer, it is important to investigate foods containing high amount of the Z-isomer and develop practically feasible method for Z-isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene. First, we investigated the E/Z isomer ratio of lycopene in raw and commercially available processed tomato products using an improved normal-phase HPLC method. The tomato products contained 4.6–33.4% of Z-isomers to the total lycopene, (5Z)-lycopene being the most abundant Z-isomer. The oil-containing products like tomato sauce and tomato soup suffered heat processing contained a higher percentage of Z-isomers of lycopene (27.4–33.4%). Subsequently, the impact of the amount and types of oils added on thermal Z-isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene contained in tomato puree was investigated. Increased addition of olive oil to tomato puree increased the production of lycopene Z-isomers upon heating at 120°C. (all-E)-Lycopene contained in tomato puree was converted to Z-isomers in the range of 39.2–50.7%, when 5% of vegetable oil (linseed, soybean, corn, sesame, rapeseed, rice bran, safflower seed, olive, sunflower seed, or coconut oils) or animal fat (beef tallow and pork lard) was added before heating at 120°C for 30 min. When sesame oil was employed, the total Z-isomerization ratio and (5Z)-lycopene content were significantly increased. Practical applications: The dietary intake of lycopene offers many health benefits such as decreased risk of cancer and arteriosclerosis. Lycopene has a large number of geometric isomers caused by E/Z isomerization at arbitrary sites within the eleven conjugated double bonds, and the functionalities such as antioxidant capacity and bioavailability of the Z-isomers are higher than those of the all-E-isomer. This study clarified the foods richly containing Z-isomers of lycopene and demonstrated thermal Z-isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene contained in tomato puree with edible oils and fats. These findings will contribute to effective intake of lycopene and the development of facile isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene to Z-isomers in the fields of food, drink, and dietary supplement manufacturing, as well as for daily cooking at home. The Z-isomers of lycopene contents in processed tomato products and thermal isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene to the Z-isomers with edible oils and fats were investigated. The tomato products cooked with oils contained higher levels of the Z-isomers, and sesame oil had excellent promoting effect of thermal Z-isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene.

Subcritical water extraction enhancement by adding deep eutectic solvent for extracting xanthone from mangosteen pericarps

Abstract: Enhanced extraction of phenolic compounds from pericarps of mangosteen by subcritical water treatment was performed at various temperatures and pressures of 120–160 °C and 1–10 MPa in batch and semi–batch systems. Instead of water, the deionized water which contains deep eutectic solvent at 10–30% volume was used as an extraction media. With 30% of deep eutectic solvent addition, the yields of xanthone and phenolic compounds content were 24.87 mg/g dried sample and 179.54 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dried sample at extraction temperatures of 160 and 120 °C in batch system, respectively. They could achieve to 27.15 mg/g dried sample and 372.69 mg of GAE/g dried sample when the extraction were performed in semi–batch system at temperature of 160 °C and pressures of 5 and 10 MPa with 10 and 30% of deep eutectic solvent addition, respectively.

Extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from garlic husk using carbon dioxide expanded ethanol

Abstract: Garlic has been used as functional food and traditional medicine for many centuries. However, the garlic husk, which contributes 25% of garlic bulk, was regarded as agricultural waste. Recent studies have found that the extract from garlic husk contains phenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-bacterial activities, which can be applied in food and pharmaceutical industries. In order to reduce the draw back of conventional methods, carbon dioxide expanded ethanol (CXE) was used to extract phenolic compounds from garlic husk. The extraction was carried out in ranges of temperature (50–200 °C), CO 2 flow rate (0.5–2 mL/min) at constant pressure (10 MPa). The conventional Soxhlet extraction was also done to investigate the efficiency of CXE over conventional method. The high amount of phenolic compounds of 56.26 mg GAE/g of dried garlic husk and antioxidant activity (IC 50 ) of 0.41 mg/mL was obtained at temperature of 200 °C and CO 2 flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The five major phenolic compounds identified from CXE method were garlic acid, 4-hydrobenzoic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and trans-ferulic acid.

Thermal isomerization pre-treatment to improve lycopene extraction from tomato pulp

Abstract: The effect of thermal Z-isomerization pre-treatment on lycopene extraction from dried tomato pulp by organic solvents and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) was evaluated. Although total Z-isomer content of lycopene in fresh tomato pulp was only 6.1%, it increased by thermal treatment at 120 and 150 °C for 1 h to 10.0% and 56.2%, respectively. Furthermore, by adding 1 g/100 g of olive oil to the pulp, the thermal Z-isomerization efficiencies of lycopene at 120 and 150 °C for 1 h improved significantly such that the total Z-isomer contents were 30.4% and 75.7%. After freeze-drying of the thermal treated tomato pulp, lycopene was extracted by ethanol, ethyl acetate, and SC-CO2. When any solvents were used for the extraction, lycopene recovery increased according to the Z-isomer content of dried tomato pulp, e.g. in the case that ethanol extraction was conducted from the pulp containing 6.1%, 30.4%, and 75.7% Z-isomer content of lycopene, lycopene recoveries were 4.3%, 28.1%, and 75.9%, respectively. These results strongly indicated that Z-isomers of lycopene are more soluble in solvents than the all-E-isomer.

Esterification of high free fatty acids in supercritical methanol using sulfated angel wing shells as catalyst

Abstract: In this research, shells of Cyrtopleura costata, commonly known as angel wing, were used to prepare sulfated calcined angel wing shell (CAWS) catalysts by a simple, low-cost method. The produced CAWS-SO4 catalyst was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), temperature programmed desorption of CO2 and NH3 (CO2-TPD and NH3-TPD), BET surface area analysis and variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM). The esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) by supercritical methanol was successfully performed to obtain the high fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with yield of 98% at the optimum methanol/PFAD molar ratio of 6/1, 2 wt.% catalyst loading, 290 °C in 15 min. The catalyst could also be reused up to seven cycles with a FAME yield higher than 80% in the last cycle. The characterization of spent catalyst has been performed by using XRD, FTIR, TPD-NH3 and SEM.

Hydrolysis of Biopolymers in Near-Critical and Subcritical Water

Abstract: Near-critical and subcritical waters have been known as green solvents that can be applied in many different fields of applications. In recent years, they have been proposed as solvents media to recover waste substances from plant biomass. Near-critical and subcritical water treatment is a powerful technique and one of the most effective methods for this, because water at around its critical point behaves as a reaction medium with unique properties. Water at around its critical point was able to promote various reactions such as oxidation, hydrolysis, and dehydration. Hence, near-critical and subcritical water can be used for the conversion of plant biomass composed of three major biopolymers (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) to value-added chemical compounds, as well as for oxidizing hazardous waste into CO 2 or harmless compounds. This chapter presents the concepts of near-critical and subcritical water and their application in degradation of plant biomass components at temperatures of 100–400°C.

Extraction of Lipids from Wet Arthrospira platensis by Liquefied Dimethyl Ether

Abstract: Simple and energy-saving extraction of lipids and functional substances from wet Arthrospira platensis by using liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) is proposed. In the proposed method, drying of microalgae, cell wall breaking, heating for solvent evaporation is unnecessary. Direct extraction from wet A. platensis was successfully achieved. 94.2 wt% of the water in the A. platensis was removed by liquefied DME extraction and a dry residue was obtained. The amounts of carotenoid pigments extracted by liquefied DME were less than those by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction and hexane extraction. Also the amounts of carotenoid pigments extracted were smaller than those extracted with conventional solvents such as SCCO2 and hexane.

Hydrogen Peroxide Formation by Electric Discharge with Fine Bubbles

Abstract: Pulsed discharge plasma is typical oxidation technology for disposing organic compounds in aqueous solutions. When this electrical discharge plasma was applied in water, it may produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) without any catalyst or chemical agent. In order to increase H2O2 production by electrical discharge plasma in water, fine bubbles were introduced into the electrical discharge plasma in this experiment. Bipolar pulsed voltages were applied to cylindrical electrodes in the water while Ar or O2 bubbles were introduced, generating a pulsed discharge plasma. The introduction of the bubbles seemed to enhance the dissociation of water molecules and increased H2O2 formation, especially with O2 bubbling. Dissolved oxygen in the water contributed to H2O2 formation by pulsed discharge plasma with the bubbles, while dissociation of water molecules was the cause of H2O2 formation by pulsed discharge plasma without bubbles. More H2O2 was formed by pulsed discharge plasma with O2 bubbles, because the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water increased upon bubbling with O2.

Synthesis of hydrophilic carbon nanoparticles from amino acids by pulsed arc discharge over aqueous solution in argon under near-critical pressure

Abstract: Hydrophilic carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) were synthesized from amino acids using a pulsed arc discharge over an aqueous solution surface under pressurized argon at 4 MPa. The CNPs produced using this method were highly dispersible in water because their surfaces were modified by hydrophilic groups derived from the amino acids. The number of carbons in the straight chain of the source amino acids affected the generation of the CNPs, leading to different particle sizes, crystallinities, and nitrogen compositions. The oxygen content in the CNPs was independent of the source amino acid, but the nitrogen content was affected by the atomic ratio of nitrogen in the source amino acid.

Comparison of Conventional and Ultrasound Assisted Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Curcumin from Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

Abstract: Recently, ultrasound assisted supercritical fluid is used for extraction the valuable compounds from a number of plant materials as an alternative to conventional method because it can enhance the extraction rate and yield. Curcumin is an important component of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) with many useful functions to human health. The objective of this study is using ultrasonic assisted supercritical carbon dioxide (USCCO2) to extract curcumin from turmeric and compared to conventional method. The effect of operating conditions on extraction, including temperature (40-60 oC), pressure (15-25 MPa), extraction time (30-120 min), CO2 flow rate (2-4 mL/min) and percentage of cosolvent (10-20% v/v) were also studied. The result shows that the high extraction yield of 7.17% w/w and curcumin content of 1.69% w/w were achieved at temperature of 50 oC, pressure of 25 MPa, extraction time of 90 min, CO2 flow rate of 3 mL/min with 10% cosolvent. Compared to conventional method, USC-CO2 could provide higher curcumin content in extraction yield in a shorter extraction time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravity (TG), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyse turmeric undergoing USC-CO2 and conventional extraction and showed that ultrasound could break down the cell walls and remove some functional groups from plant materials, resulting an increase the selectivity of compounds in extraction yield.

Reaction mechanisms of methylene-blue degradation in three-dimensionally integrated micro-solution plasma

Abstract: We have performed matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) on methylene-blue aqueous solutions treated with three-dimensionally integrated micro-solution plasma, in which we have acquired the time evolution of mass spectra as a function of treatment time The time evolution of mass spectral peak intensities for major detected species has clearly indicated that the parent methylene-blue molecules are degraded through consecutive reactions The primary reaction is the oxidation of the parent molecules The oxidized species still have two benzene rings in the parent molecules The secondary reactions are the separation of the oxidized species and the formation of compounds with one benzene ring We have also performed the numerical fitting of the time evolution of the mass spectral peak intensities, the results of which have indicated that we must assume additional primary reactions before the primary oxidation for better agreement with experimental results

Extraction of curcumin from Curcuma longa L. using ultrasound assisted supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract: Curcumin is one of phenolic compounds, which has been recently shown to have useful pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-carcinogenic, antifungal, and antimicrobial activities. The objective of this research is to extract the curcumin from Curcuma longa L. using ultrasound assisted supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (USC-CO2). The extraction was performed at 50°C, 25 MPa, CO2 flow rate of 3 mL/min with 10% cosolvent. The result of extraction, thermogravimetry (TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that ultrasound power could disrupt cell wall and release the target compounds from Curcuma longa L. USC-CO2 could provide higher curcumin content in the extracts and faster extraction compared to SC-CO2 extraction without ultrasound.

Sub- and Supercritical Fluids Extraction of Phytochemical Compounds from Eucheuma Cottonii and Gracilaria Sp.

Abstract: Subcritical water and supercritical CO2 extraction of phytochemical compounds from Eucheuma cottonii (E. cottonii) and Gracilaria sp. have been investigated at various temperatures and pressures in a semi-batch extractor. These methods are environmentally friendly extraction method without organic solvents other than water and CO2. Eucheuma cottonii (E. cottonii) and Gracilaria sp. are macroalgae that widely grow in the southern coast of Madura Island, Indonesia. They had been used for food in direct human consumption and feedstocks for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries due to rich both in minerals and essential trace elements. In order to increase the value of macroalgae, it is necessary to separate them into its component with extraction method. Subcritical water extraction was carried out at temperatures of 120 – 200 °C and pressures of 1 – 10 MPa, while supercritical CO2 extraction was conducted at temperatures of 40 – 80 °C and pressures of 15 – 25 MPa with ethanol as co-solvent. The phytochemical compounds extracted by subcritical water consisted of carrageenan and phenolic compounds. Results of FT– IR spectra analysis showed that the macroalgae components were reacted and consumed in these range temperatures. The change of temperature extraction had a strong influence on the yields of extracted carrageenan and phenolic compounds. By using supercritical CO2, the extract contained s-carotene and linoleic acid. Recovery of both s-carotene and linoleic acid increased as increasing temperature and pressure. The addition of ethanol as co-solvent in the supercritical extraction could increase the recovery of s-carotene and linoleic acid ten and two fold. The results confirmed that subcritical water and supercritical CO2 extraction are applicable method for the separation of phenolic compounds from E. cottonii and Gracilaria sp., and may lead to an advanced plant biomass components extraction technology.

Fluorine-doped tin oxide catalyst for glycerol conversion to methanol in sub-critical water

Abstract: In this study, a method for the catalytic conversion of glycerol to methanol in sub-critical water (subCW) is proposed. Glycerol conversion to methanol using the subCW method is a new attempt to the best of the authors’s knowledge and this process was compared with the conventional hydrogenolysis method. For the first time, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) was applied as a novel heterogeneous catalyst for the conversion of glycerol to methanol. The sub-critical reaction was conducted under optimal and mild conditions at a reaction temperature of 300 °C, reaction time of 30 min, and at a low pressure sufficient to maintain the liquid phase. Initial feedstock (glycerol) concentration and catalyst amount of 20 wt% and 0.01 g respectively, were utilized and glycerol conversion and methanol selectivity were measured using gas chromatography-flame ion detector (GC-FID) analysis. Optimum glycerol conversion of ∼80% was achieved, with methanol as the major product with a selectivity of ∼100%. The subCW method can also be applied for extraction processes as well as biomass conversion by optimizing some parameters such as reaction time, catalyst amount, reaction temperatures, and catalyst cyclability.

Extraction of Phytochemicals from Grains of Paradise Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Abstract: Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) is one of the green methods to extract plant matters substances. In this study, SCCO2 has been applied as a media to extract the grains of paradise seeds substances at temperatures of 40 – 80 oC and pressures of 20 – 40 MPa using a semi–continuous flow–type system. Results of FT–IR spectra analysis showed that the grains of paradise seeds substances were extracted by SCCO2. The SEM images of the grains of paradise seeds residues also showed that the physical changes of the grains of paradise seeds surface occurred after SCCO2 extraction. The main compounds in extracts were gingerols, shogaols, and paradols. However, the GC–MS may only identify paradol compounds due to gingerols, shogaols, and paradols are homologous series of phenolic ketones and paradols was more stable than gingerols and shogaols. The yields of gingerols, shogaols, and paradols were 9.12, 3.90, and 4.42 mg/g sample, respectively and affected by extraction temperatures and/or extraction pressures.

One-step synthesis of water–dispersible carbon nanocapsules by pulsed arc discharge over aqueous solution under pressurized argon

Abstract: Water–dispersible carbon nanocapsules were synthesized in a one-step process by a pulsed arc discharge over glycine solution under pressurized argon. Pulsed arc discharge from a copper electrode was introduced to the glycine solution surface to generate carbon materials. The experiments were conducted at room temperature under argon atmospheric pressure to 4.0 MPa. The carbon products seemed to have high dispersibility in water. They were composed of carbon nanocapsules with a few graphitic layers doped with nitrogen. The generated carbon nanocapsules reacted with carboxylic active compounds. The carbon nanocapsules were produced only under high pressures, over 1.5 MPa. The pressure affected the synthetic rate of carbon nanocapsules and nitrogen doped levels, conversely, it had a small influence on the amount of oxygen atoms in the carbon products.

Thermal isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene and separation of the Z-isomers by using a low boiling solvent: Dimethyl ether

Abstract: Thermal isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene and the separation of generated Z-isomers were conducted using a low boiling solvent, dimethyl ether (DME). Because of the low boiling point (–24.8°C), DME is easily separated from lipids and other residues and is extremely low residual. The efficiency of thermal Z-isomerization of (all-E)-lycopene in DME was almost equivalent to using hexane. The thermally generated lycopene Z-isomers were separated by utilizing the solubility differences among lycopene isomers and a characteristic of DME that allows the solubility of compounds to be controlled by changing the temperature. Finally, a lycopene mixture containing 72.0% Z-isomers was obtained from (all-E)-lycopene.

Production of Liposome from Sphingomyelin by Ultrasonic Device under Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Abstract: Sphingomyelin is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes and can be exploited as an amphiphilic liposome component in the manufacture of liposomes capsule. Here, the fabrication of liposomes from sphingomyelin suspension solution via ultrasonic–supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) was studied. The experiments were conducted at temperatures of 40 – 60 o C and pressures of 10 – 20 MPa in batch process. As a starting material, sphingomyelin powder was dissolved and dispersed in distilled water. The TEM images indicated that the liposomes products were successfully formed in spherical and spherical–like shape morphologies with bimodal size at 91 – 220 nm and 396 – 955 nm. The liposomes products with smaller diameter were obtained when the experiments were conducted at higher operating pressure. The DLS measurement showed that the size distribution of liposomes products was increased with increasing operating temperature due to the aggregation. Based on the result, this process seems a powerful technique for organic solvent free liposome production technology from sphingomyelin solution for industrial purposes.

Hydrothermal extraction of antioxidant compounds from mangosteen pericarp with low-transition-temperature mixture and sonication pretreatment

Abstract: Antioxidant compounds from mangosteen pericarps have been extracted with low-transition-temperature mixture (LTTM) assisted hydrothermal method Extracted antioxidant compounds were determined as xanthone and total phenolic compounds The effects of temperature, concentration of LTTM, and sonication pretreatment on the recovery of xanthone and total phenolic compounds were investigated Extraction were carried out in a batch extractor at various temperatures (120 – 160°C), concentrations of LTTM (01 – 03 mg/mL), and sonication pretreatments (0 – 10 min) LTTM used for extraction was consisted of citric acid as hydrogen bond donor and alanine as hydrogen bond acceptor Xanthone and total phenolic compounds were analyzed by spectrophotometer In order to determine the effect of extraction condition on the antioxidant efficiency of the extract, the antioxidant efficiency of extract were analyzed by DPPH assay method Based on the result, the recovery of xanthone increased as increasing temperature and concentration of LTTM Inversely, the recovery of total phenolic compounds decreased as increasing temperature The sonication pretreatment had significantly effect on the recovery of both xanthone and total phenolic compounds, however the optimum condition of sonication pretreatment was at 5 min The antioxidant efficiency of the extract was affected by the extraction condition, and the highest antioxidant efficiency was 1395 obtained at temperature of 120°C, LTTM concentration of 03 mg/mL, and sonication time of 5 minAntioxidant compounds from mangosteen pericarps have been extracted with low-transition-temperature mixture (LTTM) assisted hydrothermal method Extracted antioxidant compounds were determined as xanthone and total phenolic compounds The effects of temperature, concentration of LTTM, and sonication pretreatment on the recovery of xanthone and total phenolic compounds were investigated Extraction were carried out in a batch extractor at various temperatures (120 – 160°C), concentrations of LTTM (01 – 03 mg/mL), and sonication pretreatments (0 – 10 min) LTTM used for extraction was consisted of citric acid as hydrogen bond donor and alanine as hydrogen bond acceptor Xanthone and total phenolic compounds were analyzed by spectrophotometer In order to determine the effect of extraction condition on the antioxidant efficiency of the extract, the antioxidant efficiency of extract were analyzed by DPPH assay method Based on the result, the recovery of xanthone increased as increasing temperature and conc

Reaction of Cl− ions in electrolyte solution induced electrical discharge plasma in the presence of argon fine bubbles

Abstract: Active chlorine species such as chlorine molecules and hypochlorous acid have been known as high performance sanitizers They would act more reactive on chemical and biological substances when an electrical discharge was introduced in water containing an electrolyte substance Here, the reaction of chloride (Cl−) ions were examined by introducing of a pulsed discharge plasma in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution as an electrolyte solution at room temperature The results show that a large electrical current generated by the pulsed discharge plasma affected the reaction of Cl− ions to result available chlorine The reaction pathway for available chlorine production was assumed similar with the reaction pathway as electrolysis A pulsed discharge plasma in NaCl solution in the presence of argon (Ar) fine bubbles exhibited intense emissions and high electron density compared to when no Ar fine bubbles were introduced At these conditions, the dissociation reaction rate of water increased drastically leads to th