Facial expression recognition with Convolutional Neural Networks

More particularly, calculations are developed and examined to reduce the entire quantity of Wireless access points as well as their locations in almost any given atmosphere while with the throughput needs and the necessity to ensure every place in the area can achieve a minimum of k APs. This paper concentrates on using Wireless for interacting with and localizing the robot. We've carried out thorough studies of Wireless signal propagation qualities both in indoor and outside conditions, which forms the foundation for Wireless AP deployment and communication to be able to augment how human operators communicate with this atmosphere, a mobile automatic platform is developed. Gas and oil refineries could be a harmful atmosphere for various reasons, including heat, toxic gasses, and unpredicted catastrophic failures. When multiple Wireless APs are close together, there's a possible for interference. A graph-coloring heuristic can be used to find out AP funnel allocation. Additionally, Wireless fingerprinting based localization is developed. All of the calculations implemented are examined in real life situations using the robot developed and answers are promising. For example, within the gas and oil industry, during inspection, maintenance, or repair of facilities inside a refinery, people might be uncovered to seriously high temps to have a long time, to toxic gasses including methane and H2S, and also to unpredicted catastrophic failures.

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Internet of Vehicles: From Intelligent Grid to Autonomous Cars and Vehicular Clouds

Physical activity recognition using embedded sensors has enabled many context-aware applications in different areas, such as healthcare Initially, one or more dedicated wearable sensors were used for such applications However, recently, many researchers started using mobile phones for this purpose, since these ubiquitous devices are equipped with various sensors, ranging from accelerometers to magnetic field sensors In most of the current studies, sensor data collected for activity recognition are analyzed offline using machine learning tools However, there is now a trend towards implementing activity recognition systems on these devices in an online manner, since modern mobile phones have become more powerful in terms of available resources, such as CPU, memory and battery The research on offline activity recognition has been reviewed in several earlier studies in detail However, work done on online activity recognition is still in its infancy and is yet to be reviewed In this paper, we review the studies done so far that implement activity recognition systems on mobile phones and use only their on-board sensors We discuss various aspects of these studies Moreover, we discuss their limitations and present various recommendations for future research

https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6518323/sensors-15-02059.pdf

A survey of online activity recognition using mobile phones

Facial emotion recognition (FER) is an important topic in the fields of computer vision and artificial intelligence owing to its significant academic and commercial potential. Although FER can be conducted using multiple sensors, this review focuses on studies that exclusively use facial images, because visual expressions are one of the main information channels in interpersonal communication. This paper provides a brief review of researches in the field of FER conducted over the past decades. First, conventional FER approaches are described along with a summary of the representative categories of FER systems and their main algorithms. Deep-learning-based FER approaches using deep networks enabling “end-to-end” learning are then presented. This review also focuses on an up-to-date hybrid deep-learning approach combining a convolutional neural network (CNN) for the spatial features of an individual frame and long short-term memory (LSTM) for temporal features of consecutive frames. In the later part of this paper, a brief review of publicly available evaluation metrics is given, and a comparison with benchmark results, which are a standard for a quantitative comparison of FER researches, is described. This review can serve as a brief guidebook to newcomers in the field of FER, providing basic knowledge and a general understanding of the latest state-of-the-art studies, as well as to experienced researchers looking for productive directions for future work.

A Brief Review of Facial Emotion Recognition Based on Visual Information.

Communication without words

This paper introduces an accurate and robust facial expression recognition (FER) system. For feature extraction, the proposed FER system employs stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SWLDA). SWLDA focuses on selecting the localized features from the expression frames using the partial $\boldsymbol {F}$ -test values, thereby reducing the within class variance and increasing the low between variance among different expression classes. For recognition, the hidden conditional random fields (HCRFs) model is utilized. HCRF is capable of approximating a complex distribution using a mixture of Gaussian density functions. To achieve optimum results, the system employs a hierarchical recognition strategy. Under these settings, expressions are divided into three categories based on parts of the face that contribute most toward an expression. During recognition, at the first level, SWLDA and HCRF are employed to recognize the expression category; whereas, at the second level, the label for the expression within the recognized category is determined using a separate set of SWLDA and HCRF, trained just for that category. In order to validate the system, four publicly available data sets were used, and a total of four experiments were performed. The weighted average recognition rate for the proposed FER approach was 96.37% across the four different data sets, which is a significant improvement in contrast to the existing FER methods.

Human Facial Expression Recognition Using Stepwise Linear Discriminant Analysis and Hidden Conditional Random Fields

Smartphone-based activity recognition (SP-AR) recognizes users' activities using the embedded accelerometer sensor. Only a small number of previous works can be classified as online systems, i.e., the whole process (pre-processing, feature extraction, and classification) is performed on the device. Most of these online systems use either a high sampling rate (SR) or long data-window (DW) to achieve high accuracy, resulting in short battery life or delayed system response, respectively. This paper introduces a real-time/online SP-AR system that solves this problem. Exploratory data analysis was performed on acceleration signals of 6 activities, collected from 30 subjects, to show that these signals are generated by an autoregressive (AR) process, and an accurate AR-model in this case can be built using a low SR (20 Hz) and a small DW (3 s). The high within class variance resulting from placing the phone at different positions was reduced using kernel discriminant analysis to achieve position-independent recognition. Neural networks were used as classifiers. Unlike previous works, true subject-independent evaluation was performed, where 10 new subjects evaluated the system at their homes for 1 week. The results show that our features outperformed three commonly used features by 40% in terms of accuracy for the given SR and DW.

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Exploratory Data Analysis of Acceleration Signals to Select Light-Weight and Accurate Features for Real-Time Activity Recognition on Smartphones

The extraction of knowledge from a huge volume of data using rough set methods requires the transformation of continuous value attributes to discrete intervals. This paper presents a systematic study of the rough set-based discretization (RSBD) techniques found in the literature and categorizes them into a taxonomy. In the literature, no review is solely based on RSBD. Only a few rough set discretizers have been studied, while many new developments have been overlooked and need to be highlighted. Therefore, this study presents a formal taxonomy that provides a useful roadmap for new researchers in the area of RSBD. The review also elaborates the process of RSBD with the help of a case study. The study of the existing literature focuses on the techniques adapted in each article, the comparison of these with other similar approaches, the number of discrete intervals they produce as output, their effects on classification and the application of these techniques in a domain. The techniques adopted in each article have been considered as the foundation for the taxonomy. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the existing discretization techniques has been conducted while keeping the concept of RSBD applications in mind. The findings are summarized and presented in this paper.

Rough set-based approaches for discretization: a compact review

Traffic accident detection and condition analysis based on social networking data.

Breast cancer forms in breast cells and is considered as a very common type of cancer in women Breast cancer is also a very life-threatening disease of women after lung cancer A convolutional neural network (CNN) method is proposed in this study to boost the automatic identification of breast cancer by analyzing hostile ductal carcinoma tissue zones in whole-slide images (WSIs) The paper investigates the proposed system that uses various convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures to automatically detect breast cancer, comparing the results with those from machine learning (ML) algorithms All architectures were guided by a big dataset of about 275,000, 50 × 50-pixel RGB image patches Validation tests were done for quantitative results using the performance measures for every methodology The proposed system is found to be successful, achieving results with 87% accuracy, which could reduce human mistakes in the diagnosis process Moreover, our proposed system achieves accuracy higher than the 78% accuracy of machine learning (ML) algorithms The proposed system therefore improves accuracy by 9% above results from machine learning (ML) algorithms

/pdf/boosting-breast-cancer-detection-using-convolutional-neural-3eeafltlx3.pdf

Muhammad Hameed Siddiqi

Papers

Human Facial Expression Recognition Using Stepwise Linear Discriminant Analysis and Hidden Conditional Random Fields

Exploratory Data Analysis of Acceleration Signals to Select Light-Weight and Accurate Features for Real-Time Activity Recognition on Smartphones

Rough set-based approaches for discretization: a compact review

Traffic accident detection and condition analysis based on social networking data.

Boosting Breast Cancer Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network.