Chemically tuned inorganic–organic hybrid materials, based on CH3NH3(═MA)Pb(I1–xBrx)3 perovskites, have been studied using UV–vis absorption and X-ray diffraction patterns and applied to nanostructured solar cells. The band gap engineering brought about by the chemical management of MAPb(I1–xBrx)3 perovskites can be controllably tuned to cover almost the entire visible spectrum, enabling the realization of colorful solar cells. We demonstrate highly efficient solar cells exhibiting 12.3% in a power conversion efficiency of under standard AM 1.5, for the most efficient device, as a result of tunable composition for the light harvester in conjunction with a mesoporous TiO2 film and a hole conducting polymer. We believe that the works highlighted in this paper represent one step toward the realization of low-cost, high-efficiency, and long-term stability with colorful solar cells.

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Chemical Management for Colorful, Efficient, and Stable Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Nanostructured Solar Cells

1. The real variable 2. Scalars and vectors 3. Tensors 4. Matrices 5. Multiple integrals 6. Potential theory 7. Operational methods 8. Physical applications of the operational method 9. Numerical methods 10. Calculus of variations 11. Functions of a complex variable 12. Contour integration and Bromwich's integral 13. Contour integration 14. Fourier's theorem 15. The factorial and related functions 16. Solution of linear differential equations of the second order 17. Asymptotic expansions 18. The equations of potential, waves and heat conduction 19. Waves in one dimension and waves with spherical symmetry 20. Conduction of heat in one and three dimensions 21. Bessel functions 22. Applications of Bessel functions 23. The confluent hypergeometric function 24. Legendre functions and associated functions 25. Elliptic functions Notes Appendix on notation Index.

Methods of Mathematical Physics. By Harold Jeffreys and Bertha Swirles Jeffreys. Pp. viii, 679. 63s. 1946. (Cambridge University Press)

The last decade has witnessed a significant growth of research into materials with coupled magnetic and electric properties. Reviewed here are the main types and mechanisms of magnetoelectric interactions and conditions of their origin. Special attention is given to potentially practical materials that display magnetoelectric properties at room temperature. Example applications of magnetoelectric materials and multiferroics in information and energy saving technologies are discussed.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3367/UFNe.0182.201206b.0593/pdf

Magnetoelectric and multiferroic media

The phenomenon of negative magnetization and its implications

Spin injection and detection in silicon is a difficult problem, in part because the weak spin-orbit coupling and indirect gap preclude using standard optical techniques. Two ways to overcome this difficulty are proposed, both based on spin-polarized transport across a heterojunction. Using a realistic transport model incorporating the relevant spin dynamics of both electrons and holes, it is argued that symmetry properties of the charge current can be exploited to detect electrical spin injection in silicon using currently available techniques.

http://absimage.aps.org/image/MAR05/MWS_MAR05-2004-005374.pdf

Spin injection and detection in silicon

A topical and highly promising aspect of the field of spintronics is the physics involved in the flow of a spin-polarized current through magnetic tunnel structures. This review focuses on manganite-based structures, which are appealing for their high Curie temperature, highly spin-polarized conduction electrons, high chemical stability, and well-developed fabrication technology. Particular emphasis is placed on some novel approaches to studying the tunnel structures, including the use of planar geometry and the application of combined external factors (microwave and optical radiation) to investigate spin-polarized transport.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3367/UFNe.0182.201203b.0263/pdf

Spintronics: manganite-based magnetic tunnel structures

The temperature dependences of the intense magnetocaloric effect ΔTAD(T, H) and the heat capacity Cp(T) of the (La0.4Eu0.6)0.7Pb0.3MnO3 manganite are directly measured using adiabatic calorimetry. The experimental dependences ΔTAD(T) are in satisfactory agreement with those calculated from the data on the behavior of the magnetization. The factors responsible for the absence of an anomaly in the experimental temperature dependence of the heat capacity Cp(T) in the range of the magnetic phase transition are discussed.

Adiabatic calorimetric study of the intense magnetocaloric effect and the heat capacity of (La0.4Eu0.6)0.7Pb0.3MnO3

Pronounced magnetic-field- and bias-sensitive features of the transport properties of a Fe/SiO2/p-Si hybrid structure in planar geometry at temperature variation are investigated Comparative analysis of two Fe/SiO2/p-Si samples, one with a continuous Fe film and the other with two electrodes formed from a Fe layer and separated by a micron gap, shows that these features are due to the metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) transition with a Schottky barrier near the interface between SiO2 and p-Si Resistance of such a MIS transition depends exponentially on temperature and bias In the structure with a continuous ferromagnetic film, the competition between conductivities of the MIS transition and the Fe layer results in the effect of current channel switching between the Fe layer and a semiconductor substrate Within certain limits, this process can be controlled by a bias current and a magnetic field Positive magnetoresistance of the structures at high temperatures is determined, most likely, by disorder

Magnetic-field- and bias-sensitive conductivity of a hybrid Fe/SiO2/p-Si structure in planar geometry

A comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of magnetic, magnetoelectric, thermal, and spectroscopic characteristics of HoGa3(BO3)4 gallium borate single crystals has been performed. A large magnetoelectric effect exceeding its values found in all iron and aluminum borates except HoAl3(BO3)4 has been observed. The magnetoelectric polarization of HoGa3(BO3)4 equals ΔP
 ba
 (B
 a
 ) ≈ −1020 μC/m2 at T = 5 K in a magnetic field of 9 T. The theoretical treatment based on the crystal field model for rare-earth ions provides a unified approach for the consistent interpretation of all measured characteristics. The crystal-field parameters are determined. The temperature (in the 3–300 K range) and magnetic field (up to 9 T) dependences of the magnetization, the Schottky anomaly in the temperature dependence of the specific heat, and its shift in the field B ‖ c are described. To compare the thermal properties of HoGa3(BO3)4 with those of HoAl3(BO3)4 exhibiting record values of the polarization, the specific heat of HoAl3(BO3)4 at various B values and the temperature dependence of the polarization ΔP
 b
 (T) in the applied magnetic field of 9 T have been measured.

N. V. Volkov

Papers

Spintronics: manganite-based magnetic tunnel structures

Adiabatic calorimetric study of the intense magnetocaloric effect and the heat capacity of (La0.4Eu0.6)0.7Pb0.3MnO3

Magnetic-field- and bias-sensitive conductivity of a hybrid Fe/SiO2/p-Si structure in planar geometry

Magnetization, Magnetoelectric Polarization, and Specific Heat of HoGa 3 (BO 3 ) 4

Magnetization pole reversal of ferrimagnetic ludwigites Mn3−xNixBO5