Astaxanthin is a coloring agent which is used as a feed additive in aquaculture nutrition. Recently, potential health benefits of astaxanthin have been discussed which may be partly related to its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties. Our electron spin resonance (ESR) and spin trapping data suggest that synthetic astaxanthin is a potent free radical scavenger in terms of diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and galvinoxyl free radicals. Furthermore, astaxanthin dose-dependently quenched singlet oxygen as determined by photon counting. In addition to free radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching properties, astaxanthin induced the antioxidant enzyme paroxoanase-1, enhanced glutathione concentrations and prevented lipid peroxidation in cultured hepatocytes. Present results suggest that, beyond its coloring properties, synthetic astaxanthin exhibits free radical scavenging, singlet oxygen quenching, and antioxidant activities which could probably positively affect animal and human health.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/17/1/103/pdf

Free Radical Scavenging and Cellular Antioxidant Properties of Astaxanthin.

Background Bioresidues valorization has gained a pivotal relevance in the last years, directly moved by consumers' demands for heathier and safer products (food, cosmetics, supplements, drugs, and so on) and by industrial companies that need to adapt their manufacturing procedures to increasingly strict regulatory guidelines. Most of the natural ingredients are considered more sought and safer than synthetic ones, but also more expensive and less abundant. Therefore, the recovery of valuable active ingredients from wastes and by-products may be an interesting and upcoming strategy. Scope and approach The present report aims to provide an extensive approach to bioresidues valorization, focusing its chemical composition in terms of carotenoids content and their upcoming uses for biotechnological purposes. Key findings and conclusions Daily produced and discharged industrial bioresidues derived from vegetable (peel, seeds, pericarp) and animal (wastewater, crustacean's cephalothorax and carapace, scales, tails) sources comprise the richest sources of carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls). Different techniques are commonly used for carotenoids recovery being the extraction with organic solvents the most frequently used. Supercritical fluid extraction, microwave- and enzyme-assisted extractions are applied, but mainly in combination. This area opens fascinating opportunities to discover and to design novel strategies for carotenoids production/accumulation, foodstuffs valorization and provide valuable ingredients to different industrial sectors.

Wastes and by-products: Upcoming sources of carotenoids for biotechnological purposes and health-related applications

Insulin resistance is a hallmark of obesity,diabetes,and cardiovascular diseases,and leads to many of the abnormalities associated with metabolic syndrome. Our understanding of insulin resistance has improved tremendously over the years,but certain aspects of its estimation still remain elusive to researchers and clinicians.The quantitative assessment of insulin sensitivity is not routinely used during biochemical investigations for diagnostic purposes,but the emerging importance of insulin resistance has led to its wider application research studies.Evaluation of a number of clinical states where insulin sensitivity is compromised calls for assessment of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is increasingly being assessed in various disease conditions where it aids in examining their pathogenesis,etiology and consequences. The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp is the gold standard method for the determination of insulin sensitivity,but is impractical as it is labor-and time-intensive.A number of surrogate indices have therefore been employed to simplify and improve the determination of insulin resistance.The object of this review is to highlight various aspects and methodologies for current and upcoming measures ofinsulin sensitivity/resistance.In-depth knowledge of these markers will help in better understanding and exploitation of the condition.

Surrogate markers of insulin resistance:A review

Background Shrimp farming and processing plants are the largest seafood industry around the world due to their high demand and market value. The shrimp processing industry produces 50–60% waste of the catch volume. These wastes contain a large quantity of bioactive compounds including chitin, protein, lipid, carotenoid and minerals. Bioactive compounds from shrimp processing waste exhibit various bioactivities, and can be used as food and feed as well as ingredient in functional food preparation. The recent trend of shrimp waste utilization focuses on the bioremediation and energy conversion sectors. Scope and approach In this review, shrimp processing and the main bioactive compounds from shrimp waste were outlined. The recent applications of bioactive compounds from shrimp waste briefly describe in terms of different bioactivities, food and feed applications, and other industrial approach. Hurdles and future prospectus of shrimp processing waste utilization have been addressed. Key findings and conclusions Shrimp processing industries generate tremendous amount of waste, which can be extracted to obtain active compounds including chitin, carotenoids and protein hydrolysates, etc. These active compounds act as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative agents. Moreover, due to their functional and nutritional properties, these compounds could be used as natural safe additives or functional food/feed ingredients. Active compounds in shrimp waste open the doors of energy, solid wastes, and wastewater bioremediation. Hence, the future trends of shrimp waste utilization are the movement towards eco-friendly energy conversion, bioremediation and bioplastic area.

Trends in shrimp processing waste utilization: An industrial prospective

Intensified green production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis

Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, was recovered from the cooking water of shrimp processing facilities. The oil contains significant amounts of omega-3 fatty acids in triglyceride form, along with substantial long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). It also features natural isomeric forms of astaxanthin, a nutritional carotenoid, which gives the oil a brilliant red color. As part of our efforts in developing value added products from waste streams of the seafood processing industry, we present in this paper a comprehensive characterization of the triacylglycerols (TAGs) and astaxanthin esters that predominate in the shrimp oil by using HPLC-HRMS and MS/MS, as well as 13C-NMR. This approach, in combination with FAME analysis, offers direct characterization of fatty acid molecules in their intact forms, including the distribution of regioisomers in TAGs. The information is important for the standardization and quality control, as well as for differentiation of composition features of shrimp oil, which could be sold as an ingredient in health supplements and functional foods.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/6/3849/pdf

Characterization of Shrimp Oil from Pandalus borealis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Characterization of Shrimp Oil from Pandalus borealis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and High Resolution

Diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress represent the main features of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present study was condu...

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Shrimp oil extracted from the shrimp processing waste reduces the development of insulin resistance and metabolic phenotypes in diet-induced obese rats.

Nadia Tchoukanova

Papers

Characterization of Shrimp Oil from Pandalus borealis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Characterization of Shrimp Oil from Pandalus borealis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and High Resolution

Shrimp oil extracted from the shrimp processing waste reduces the development of insulin resistance and metabolic phenotypes in diet-induced obese rats.