Fluorescence methods are being used increasingly in biochemical, medical, and chemical research. This is because of the inherent sensitivity of this technique. and the favorable time scale of the phenomenon of fluorescence. 8 Fluorescence emission occurs about 10- sec (10 nsec) after light absorp tion. During this period of time a wide range of molecular processes can occur, and these can effect the spectral characteristics of the fluorescent compound. This combination of sensitivity and a favorable time scale allows fluorescence methods to be generally useful for studies of proteins and membranes and their interactions with other macromolecules. This book describes the fundamental aspects of fluorescence. and the biochemical applications of this methodology. Each chapter starts with the -theoreticalbasis of each phenomenon of fluorescence, followed by examples which illustrate the use of the phenomenon in the study of biochemical problems. The book contains numerous figures. It is felt that such graphical presentations contribute to pleasurable reading and increased understand ing. Separate chapters are devoted to fluorescence polarization, lifetimes, quenching, energy transfer, solvent effects, and excited state reactions. To enhance the usefulness of this work as a textbook, problems are included which illustrate the concepts described in each chapter. Furthermore, a separate chapter is devoted to the instrumentation used in fluorescence spectroscopy. This chapter will be especially valuable for those perform ing or contemplating fluorescence measurements. Such measurements are easily compromised by failure to consider a number of simple principles."

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Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

/pdf/self-assembled-monolayers-of-thiolates-on-metals-as-a-form-1neb0hj3k4.pdf

Self-assembled monolayers of thiolates on metals as a form of nanotechnology.

Demand has never been greater for revolutionary technologies that deliver fast, inexpensive and accurate genome information. This challenge has catalysed the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. The inexpensive production of large volumes of sequence data is the primary advantage over conventional methods. Here, I present a technical review of template preparation, sequencing and imaging, genome alignment and assembly approaches, and recent advances in current and near-term commercially available NGS instruments. I also outline the broad range of applications for NGS technologies, in addition to providing guidelines for platform selection to address biological questions of interest.

/pdf/sequencing-technologies-the-next-generation-599pyrfdla.pdf

Sequencing technologies-the next generation

The efficiency of electroluminescent organic light-emitting devices1,2 can be improved by the introduction3 of a fluorescent dye. Energy transfer from the host to the dye occurs via excitons, but only the singlet spin states induce fluorescent emission; these represent a small fraction (about 25%) of the total excited-state population (the remainder are triplet states). Phosphorescent dyes, however, offer a means of achieving improved light-emission efficiencies, as emission may result from both singlet and triplet states. Here we report high-efficiency (≳90%) energy transfer from both singlet and triplet states, in a host material doped with the phosphorescent dye 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine platinum(II) (PtOEP). Our doped electroluminescent devices generate saturated red emission with peak external and internal quantum efficiencies of 4% and 23%, respectively. The luminescent efficiencies attainable with phosphorescent dyes may lead to new applications for organic materials. Moreover, our work establishes the utility of PtOEP as a probe of triplet behaviour and energy transfer in organic solid-state systems.

Highly efficient phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devices

Site-specific photocleavage of hen egg lysozyme and bovine serum albumin (BSA) by N-(l-phenylalanine)-4-(1-pyrene)butyramide (Py-Phe) is reported. Py-Phe binds to lysozyme and BSA with binding constants 2.2 ± 0.3 × 105 M−1 and 6.5 ± 0.4 × 107 M−1, respectively. Photocleavage of lysozyme and BSA was achieved with high specificity when a mixture of protein, Py-Phe, and an electron acceptor, cobalt(III) hexammine (CoHA), was irradiated at 344 nm. Quantum yields of photocleavage of lysozyme and BSA were 0.26 and 0.0021, respectively. No protein cleavage was observed in the absence of Py-Phe, CoHA, or light. N-terminal sequencing of the protein fragments indicated a single cleavage site of lysozyme between Trp-108 and Val-109, whereas the cleavage of BSA was found to be between Leu-346 and Arg-347. Laser flash photolysis studies of a mixture of protein, Py-Phe, and CoHA showed a strong transient with absorption centered at ≈460 nm, corresponding to pyrene cation radical. Quenching of the singlet excited state of Py-Phe by CoHA followed by the reaction of the resulting pyrenyl cation radical with the protein backbone may be responsible for the protein cleavage. The high specificity of photocleavage may be valuable in targeting specific sites of proteins with small molecules.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/95/18/10361.full.pdf

Photochemical protease: site-specific photocleavage of hen egg lysozyme and bovine serum albumin.

The mechanisms of photoreactions in solution. ix. energy transfer from the triplet states of aldehydes and ketones to unsaturated compounds1

Photolysis of dibenzyl ketone (DBK) solution at room temperature yields 1,2-diphenylethane and carbon monoxide quantitatively. Results of the study of this reaction, using light and ordinary mercury lamps as excitation sources, show that (1) a measurable, but small, /sup 12/C//sup 13/C isotope separation occurs in homogeneous (benzene) solution; (2) the efficiency of the separation is greatly enhanced in soap solution relative to homogeneous solution; (3) the carbonyl carbon of DBK is specifically and exponentially enriched as photolysis proceeds; (4) an external magnetic field significantly influences the efficiency of the isotopic separation. Mass spectroscopic and NMR analyses of the recovered DBK confirm these conclusions. 2 figures.

Magnetic isotope and magnetic field effects on chemical reactions. Sunlight and soap for the efficient separation of carbon-13 and carbon-12

Interactions of nitroxide-labeled polyamidoamine dendrimers of generations 2 and 6 (2SBD-T and 6SBD-T, respectively) with double-stranded polynucleotidesCalf Thymus DNA (C.T.DNA), poly(deoxyadenylic−deoxythymidylic acid) (termed Poly(AT)), poly(deoxyguanylic−deoxycytidylic acid) (termed Poly(GC)), and a double-stranded oligonucleotide of 12 base pairs (DNA-12mer)were investigated by EPR. Computer-aided analysis of the EPR spectra provided information on the mobility of the nitroxide labels and their partition in different environments, which, in turn, gave information on the interactions between dendrimers and polynucleotides. After complexes were formed between DNA and SBD, the labels retained fast mobility at room temperature. On the basis of EPR analysis at 258 K, interaction of oligo- or polynucleotides with SBDs decreased in the following order:  DNA-12mer > C.T.DNA > Poly(GC) > Poly(AT). Small dendrimers (2SBD-T) at low pH (5.5) showed significant interaction with the polynucleotides, which decrease...

Nicholas J. Turro

Papers

Photochemical protease: site-specific photocleavage of hen egg lysozyme and bovine serum albumin.

The mechanisms of photoreactions in solution. ix. energy transfer from the triplet states of aldehydes and ketones to unsaturated compounds1

Magnetic isotope and magnetic field effects on chemical reactions. Sunlight and soap for the efficient separation of carbon-13 and carbon-12

An EPR Study of the Interactions between Starburst Dendrimers and Polynucleotides

Photochemistry of di-tert-butyl ketone and structural effects on the rate and efficiency of intersystem crossing of aliphatic ketones