Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

Impatti, adattamento e vulnerabilita Le cause e le responsabilita dei cambiamenti climatici sono state trattate sul numero di ottobre della rivista Cda. Approfondiamo l’argomento presentando il documento: “Cambiamenti climatici 2007: impatti, adattamento e vulnerabilita” votato ad aprile 2007 dal secondo gruppo di lavoro del Comitato Intergovernativo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Si tratta del secondo di tre documenti che compongono il quarto rapporto sui cambiamenti climatici.

/pdf/climate-change-2007-impacts-adaptation-and-vulnerability-31xc1cf4d3.pdf

Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

Awareness of the need for biodiversity conservation is now universally accepted, but most often recent conservation activities have focused on wild species. Crop species and the diversity between and within them has significant socioeconomic as well as heritage value. The bulk of genetic diversity in domesticated species is located in traditional varieties maintained by traditional farming systems. These traditional varieties, commonly referred to as landraces, are severely threatened by genetic extinction primarily due to their replacement by modern genetically uniform varieties. The conservation of landrace diversity has been hindered in part by the lack of an accepted definition to define the entity universally recognized as landraces. Without a definition it would be impossible to prepare an inventory and without an inventory changes in landrace constituency could not be recognized over time. Therefore, based on a literature review, workshop discussion and interviews with key informants, common characteristics of landraces were identified, such as: historical origin, high genetic diversity, local genetic adaptation, recognizable identity, lack of formal genetic improvement, and whether associated with traditional farming systems. However, although these characteristics are commonly present they are not always all present for any individual landrace; several crop-specific exceptions were noted relating to crop propagation method (sexual or asexual), breeding system (self-fertilized or cross-fertilized species), length of formal crop improvement, seed management (selection or random propagation) and use. This paper discusses the characteristics that generally constitute a landrace, reviews the exceptions to these characteristics and provides a working definition of a landrace. The working definition proposed is as follows: ‘a landrace is a dynamic population(s) of a cultivated plant that has historical origin, distinct identity and lacks formal crop improvement, as well as often being genetically diverse, locally adapted and associated with traditional farming systems’.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S1479262105000420

Defining and identifying crop landraces

The wild relatives of domesticated crops possess genetic diversity useful for developing more productive, nutritious and resilient crop varieties. However, their conservation status and availability for utilization are a concern, and have not been quantified globally. Here, we model the global distribution of 1,076 taxa related to 81 crops, using occurrence information collected from biodiversity, herbarium and gene bank databases. We compare the potential geographic and ecological diversity encompassed in these distributions with that currently accessible in gene banks, as a means to estimate the comprehensiveness of the conservation of genetic diversity. Our results indicate that the diversity of crop wild relatives is poorly represented in gene banks. For 313 (29.1% of total) taxa associated with 63 crops, no germplasm accessions exist, and a further 257 (23.9%) are represented by fewer than ten accessions. Over 70% of taxa are identified as high priority for further collecting in order to improve their representation in gene banks, and over 95% are insufficiently represented in regard to the full range of geographic and ecological variation in their native distributions. The most critical collecting gaps occur in the Mediterranean and the Near East, western and southern Europe, Southeast and East Asia, and South America. We conclude that a systematic effort is needed to improve the conservation and availability of crop wild relatives for use in plant breeding.

Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives

Preface. List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in the Text. Part One: Introduction. 1. The Conservation of Botanical Diversity G.T. Prance. 2. Complementary Conservation Strategies N. Maxted, et al. Part Two: Theory and Practice of in situ Conservation. 3. Selection of Target Taxa N. Maxted, J.G. Hawkes. 4. Ecogeographic Surveys N. Maxted, L. Guarino. 5. Technical and Political Factor Constraining Reserve Placement J.T. Williams. 6. Plant Population Genetics M.J. Lawrence, D.F. Marshall. 7. Plant Population Ecology M. Gillman. 8. Reserve Design J.G. Hawkes, et al. 9. Management and Monitoring N. Maxted, et al. 10. Locally Based Crop Plant Conservation C.O. Qualset, et al. 11. Genetic Conservation Information Management B.V. Ford-Lloyd, N. Maxted. 12. Estimation of Genetic Diversity H.J. Newbury, B.V. Ford-Lloyd. 13. Conserving the Genetic Resources of Trees in situ P. Kanowski, D. Boshier. 14. Integrating Plant and Insect Conservation V. Keesing, S.D. Wratten. Part Three: Case Studies. 15. The Ammiad Experiment Y. Anikster, et al. 16. In situ Conservation of Genetic Diversity in Turkey A. Ertug Firat, A. Tan. 17. Genetic Conservation: a Role for Rice Farmers M.R. Bellon, et al. 18. Ethiopian in situ Conservation M. Worede. 19. Peruvian in situ Conservation of Andean Crops R. Ortega. 20. Central Asian in situ Conservation of Wild Relatives of Cultivated Plants N. Lunyova, T. Ulyanova. 21. Plant Conservation In Situ for Disease Resistance A. Dinoor, N. Eshed. Part Four: Discussion. 22. A Practical Model for in situ Genetic Conservation N. Maxted, et al. 24. Towards the Future G.C. Hawtin, T. Hodgkin. References. Index.

Plant Genetic Conservation: The in situ approach

This publication summarises results for a selection of Europe's native species of vascular plants. In total 1,826 vascular plant species have been assessed from the following groups: species listed on European or international policy instruments, selected priority crop wild relatives, and aquatic plant species. Of those at least 467 species are threatened with extinction. The main threats for the three groups are intensified livestock framing, recreational activities, tourism and urban development, wild plant collection, invasive alien species, natural system modifications and pollution.

European Red List of vascular plants

Crop wild relatives are an important socio-economic resource that is currently being eroded or even extinguished through careless human activities. If the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the CBD 2010 Biodiversity Target of achieving a significant reduction in the current rate of loss is to be achieved, we must first define what crop wild relatives are and how their conservation might be prioritised. A definition of a crop wild relative is proposed and illustrated in the light of previous Gene Pool concept theory. Where crossing and genetic diversity information is unavailable, the Taxon Group concept is introduced to assist recognition of the degree of crop wild relative relatedness by using the existing taxonomic hierarchy.

Nigel Maxted

Papers

Defining and identifying crop landraces

Global conservation priorities for crop wild relatives

Plant Genetic Conservation: The in situ approach

European Red List of vascular plants

Towards a definition of a crop wild relative