This review covers advances in electrochemical and biochemical sensor development and usage during 2010 and 2011 In choosing scholarly articles to contribute to this review, special emphasis was placed on work published in the areas of reference electrodes, potentiometric sensors, voltammetric sensors, amperometric sensors, biosensors, immunosensors, and mass sensors In the past two years there have been a number of important papers, that do not fall into the general subsections contained within the larger sections Such novel advances are very important for the field of electrochemical sensors as they open up new avenues and methods for future research Each section above contains a subsection titled “Other Papers of Interest” that includes such articles and describes their importance to the field in general For example, while most electrochemical techniques for sensing analytes of interest are based on the changes in potential or current, Shan et al1 have developed a completely novel method for performing electrochemical measurements In their work, they report a method for imaging local electrochemical current using the optical signal of the electrode surface generated from a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) The electrochemical current image is based on the fact that the current density can be easily calculated from the local SPR signal The authors demonstrated this concept by imaging traces of TNT on a fingerprint on a gold substrate

Full articles and reviews were primarily amassed by searching the SciFinder Scholar and ISI Web of Knowledge Additional articles were found through alternate databases or by perusing analytical journals for pertinent publications Due to the reference limitation, only publications written in English were considered for inclusion Obviously, there have been more published accounts of groundbreaking work with electrochemical and biochemical sensors than those covered here This review is a small sampling of the available literature and not intended to cover every advance of the past two years The literature chosen focuses on new trends in materials, techniques, and clinically relevant applications of novel sensors To ensure proper coverage of these trends, theoretical publications and applications of previously reported sensor development were excluded

We want to remind our readers that this review is not intended to provide comprehensive coverage of electrochemical sensor development, but rather to provide a glimpse of the available depth of knowledge published in the past two years This review is meant to focus on novel methods and materials, with a particular focus on the increasing use of graphene sheets for sensor material development For readers seeking more information on the general principles behind electrochemical sensors and electrochemical methods, we recommend other sources with a broader scope2, 3 Electrochemical sensor research is continually providing new insights into a variety of fields and providing a breadth of relevant literature that is worthy of inclusion in this review Unfortunately, it is impossible to cover each publication and unintentional oversights are inevitable We sincerely apologize to the authors of electrochemical and biochemical sensor publications that were inadvertently overlooked

Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

This research is focused on the ultrasound-assisted removal of Auramine-O (AO) dye from aqueous solutions using ZnS:Cu nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon (ZnS:Cu-NP-AC) as an adsorbent. ZnS:Cu nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using FESEM (Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy) and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) analysis. The experiments were designed by response surface methodology. A quadratic model was used to predict the variables. Analysis of variance was used for investigation of variables and interaction between them. High F-value (48.91), very low P-value (<0.00001), non-significant lack of fit, and the determination coefficient (R2 = 0.977) demonstrate good correlation between experimental and predicted values of the response. The highest removal percent attained was 99.76%, and the optimum parameters achieved are: adsorbent amount (0.02 g), initial dye concentration (20 mg L−1), sonication time (3 min) and pH = 7. Adsorption processes of AO by ZnS:Cu-NP-AC could be well described by a Langmuir isotherm and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of AO by ZnS:Cu-NP-AC was determined as 183.15 mg g−1, suggesting a highly promising potential for ZnS:Cu-NP-AC to be used as a new adsorbent.

/pdf/removal-of-basic-dye-auramine-o-by-zns-cu-nanoparticles-2lw3r67uhc.pdf

Removal of basic dye Auramine-O by ZnS:Cu nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon: optimization of parameters using response surface methodology with central composite design

Statistics for analytical chemistry

https://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/132554/ZnOAgCdO-nanocomposite-for-visible-light-induced%20photocatalytic.pdf?sequence=1

ZnO/Ag/CdO nanocomposite for visible light-induced photocatalytic degradation of industrial textile effluents.

Voltammetric Techniques for the Assay of Pharmaceuticals-a Review

Voltammetric determination of cefixime in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids

Due to their unique and fascinating properties, polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) have been extensively studied in recent years. PNCs can be synthesized in several different nanoscale forms with minimal effort, thus allowing the fabrication of various novel chemical and biological sensors. This review covers recent applications based on PNCs for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors, biosensors, including DNA biosensors, immunosensors, and aptamer sensors. To improve the sensor performance, nanocomposites have been reported in various combinations such as conductive polymers with graphene (Grp), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and metal nanoparticles, which endow high electrical conductivity, effective surface area, and fast electron transfer rate.

Next-generation polymer nanocomposite-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors: A review

Polypyrrole is one of the most extensively used conducting polymers to design bioanalytical sensors. This review presents a broad overview of the application of polypyrrole based electrochemical sensors and biosensors, including DNA biosensors, immunosensors with respect to analytical chemistry. Objective of the review is to illustrate the impact of sensor performance in various combinations viz. conducting polypyrrole with inorganic metal oxide, metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and graphene. Furthermore, the preparation of voltammetric sensors, biosensors comprising DNA biosensors and immunosensors in which polypyrrole nanocomposite play a significant role in their sensing performance have also been reviewed and covers developments reported in the period 2010–2017.

Nimisha Jadon

Papers

Voltammetric Techniques for the Assay of Pharmaceuticals-a Review

Voltammetric determination of cefixime in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids

Next-generation polymer nanocomposite-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors: A review

Polypyrrole based next generation electrochemical sensors and biosensors: A review

Recent trends in electrochemical sensors for multianalyte detection - A review.