1. Introduction 2. Theoretical foundations 3. Propagation and focusing of optical fields 4. Spatial resolution and position accuracy 5. Nanoscale optical microscopy 6. Near-field optical probes 7. Probe-sample distance control 8. Light emission and optical interaction in nanoscale environments 9. Quantum emitters 10. Dipole emission near planar interfaces 11. Photonic crystals and resonators 12. Surface plasmons 13. Forces in confined fields 14. Fluctuation-induced phenomena 15. Theoretical methods in nano-optics Appendices Index.

/pdf/principles-of-nano-optics-1hz998yqo8.pdf

Principles of nano-optics

https://www.phys.ens.fr/IMG/pdf/precisionthompson.pdf

Precise nanometer localization analysis for individual fluorescent probes

Myosin V is a dimeric molecular motor that moves processively on actin, with the center of mass moving 37 nanometers for each adenosine triphosphate hydrolyzed. We have labeled myosin V with a single fluorophore at different positions in the light-chain domain and measured the step size with a standard deviation of 1.5 nanometers, with 0.5-second temporal resolution, and observation times of minutes. The step size alternates between 37 2x nm and 37 – 2x, where x is the distance along the direction of motion between the dye and the midpoint between the two heads. These results strongly support a hand-over-hand model of motility, not an inchworm model. Myosin V is a cargo-carrying processive motor

/pdf/myosin-v-walks-hand-over-hand-single-fluorophore-imaging-158ahd2s5m.pdf

Myosin V Walks Hand-Over-Hand: Single Fluorophore Imaging with 1.5-nm Localization

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A User’s Guide

A self-scanned 1024 element photodiode array and minicomputer are used to measure the phase (wavefront) in the interference pattern of an interferometer to lambda/100. The photodiode array samples intensities over a 32 x 32 matrix in the interference pattern as the length of the reference arm is varied piezoelectrically. Using these data the minicomputer synchronously detects the phase at each of the 1024 points by a Fourier series method and displays the wavefront in contour and perspective plot on a storage oscilloscope in less than 1 min (Bruning et al. Paper WE16, OSA Annual Meeting, Oct. 1972). The array of intensities is sampled and averaged many times in a random fashion so that the effects of air turbulence, vibrations, and thermal drifts are minimized. Very significant is the fact that wavefront errors in the interferometer are easily determined and may be automatically subtracted from current or subsequent wavefrots. Various programs supporting the measurement system include software for determining the aperture boundary, sum and difference of wavefronts, removal or insertion of tilt and focus errors, and routines for spatial manipulation of wavefronts. FFT programs transform wavefront data into point spread function and modulus and phase of the optical transfer function of lenses. Display programs plot these functions in contour and perspective. The system has been designed to optimize the collection of data to give higher than usual accuracy in measuring the individual elements and final performance of assembled diffraction limited optical systems, and furthermore, the short loop time of a few minutes makes the system an attractive alternative to constraints imposed by test glasses in the optical shop.

Digital wavefront measuring interferometer for testing optical surfaces and lenses

A dynamic server migration and consolidation algorithm is introduced. The algorithm is shown to provide substantial improvement over static server consolidation in reducing the amount of required capacity and the rate of service level agreement violations. Benefits accrue for workloads that are variable and can be forecast over intervals shorter than the time scale of demand variability. The management algorithm reduces the amount of physical capacity required to support a specified rate of SLA violations for a given workload by as much as 50% as compared to static consolidation approach. Another result is that the rate of SLA violations at fixed capacity may be reduced by up to 20%. The results are based on hundreds of production workload traces across a variety of operating systems, applications, and industries.

http://ants.iis.sinica.edu.tw/3BkMJ9lTeWXTSrrvNoKNFDxRm3zFwRR/91/Dynamic%20Placement%20of%20Virtual%20Machines.pdf

Dynamic Placement of Virtual Machines for Managing SLA Violations

The present state of high-resolution displacement measuring interferometry is reviewed. Factors which determine the accuracy, linearity and repeatability of nanometre-scale measurements are emphasized. Many aspects of interferometry are discussed, including general metrology and alignment errors, as well as path length errors. Optical mixing and the nonlinear relation between phase and displacement are considered, as well as the influence of diffraction on accuracy. Environmental stability is a major factor in the repeatability and accuracy of measurement. It is difficult to obtain a measurement accuracy of 10-7 when working in air. Several approaches to improving this situation are described, including multiwavelength interferometry. Recent measurements of the short- and long-term frequency stability of lasers are summarized. Optical feedback is a subtle, but important source of frequency destabilization, and methods of detection and isolation are reviewed. Calibration of phase measuring electronics used for subfringe interpolation is included. Progress in 'in situ' identification of error sources and methods of validating accuracy are emphasized.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/4/9/001/pdf

Recent advances in displacement measuring interferometry

A common problem in experimental data analysis is to locate the position of a signal to an accuracy which is substantially less than the actual signal width. By applying maximum likelihood estimation to this problem, this paper derives theoretical limits on the ability to locate signal position. The limiting error in position measurement is shown to be a simple function of the instrument resolution, the density of sample points, and the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the data. An interesting conclusion is that position information on a much finer scale than the minimum instrument sampling interval is contained in data of modest signal‐to‐noise ratio. The common procedure of excluding the portion of the data lying below an amplitude threshold to guard against background fluctuations is incorporated in the maximum likelihood analysis. It is shown that selection of the optimum amplitude threshold level depends on the type of noise present in the data, and can be an important factor in position accuracy. The analytical results exhibit close agreement with Monte Carlo simulations of position accuracy in the presence of noise.

Position measurement with a resolution and noise‐limited instrument

http://www-inf.it-sudparis.eu/~defude/MOPS/cloudfederation.pdf

Cloud federation in a layered service model

Laser displacement interferometry is used extensively in precision equipment for semiconductor manufacture. In these applications it is often necessary to introduce a high velocity airflow to the measurement environment to minimize the density of airborne particulate contaminants. The performance of the heterodyne interferometer is degraded by the resulting fluctuations in the index of refraction along the beam path. The magnitude, correlation length, and probability distribution of the optical path length (OPL) fluctuations are measured for several airflow conditions. The data are interpreted in terms of the path length errors for some common interferometric configurations. The OPL fluctuations are generally less significant than the systematic sources of measurement error. A more fundamental limit on the accuracy of the heterodyne Michelson interferometer is the periodic nonlinearity caused by leakage of the frequency components in the beamsplitter. The effect is discussed in detail. A direct observation of the nonlinearity is reported. The magnitude of the effect is about λ/64 for the beam splitters used in this experiment. A simple technique which indicates the presence and magnitude of the nonlinearity is described.

Norman Bobroff

Papers

Dynamic Placement of Virtual Machines for Managing SLA Violations

Recent advances in displacement measuring interferometry

Position measurement with a resolution and noise‐limited instrument

Cloud federation in a layered service model

Residual errors in laser interferometry from air turbulence and nonlinearity