Annual Energy Outlook 2008 With Projections to 2030

ライブラリー Annual Energy Outlook 2000

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In the last few years, the application of Model Predictive Control (MPC) for energy management in buildings has received significant attention from the research community. MPC is becoming more and more viable because of the increase in computational power of building automation systems and the availability of a significant amount of monitored building data. MPC has found successful implementation in building thermal regulation, fully exploiting the potential of building thermal mass. Moreover, MPC has been positively applied to active energy storage systems, as well as to the optimal management of on-site renewable energy sources. MPC also opens up several opportunities for enhancing energy efficiency in the operation of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems because of its ability to consider constraints, prediction of disturbances and multiple conflicting objectives, such as indoor thermal comfort and building energy demand. Despite the application of MPC algorithms in building control has been thoroughly investigated in various works, a unified framework that fully describes and formulates the implementation is still lacking. Firstly, this work introduces a common dictionary and taxonomy that gives a common ground to all the engineering disciplines involved in building design and control. Secondly the main scope of this paper is to define the MPC formulation framework and critically discuss the outcomes of different existing MPC algorithms for building and HVAC system management. The potential benefits of the application of MPC in improving energy efficiency in buildings were highlighted.

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Model Predictive Control (MPC) for Enhancing Building and HVAC System Energy Efficiency: Problem Formulation, Applications and Opportunities

This paper investigates heat pump systems in smart grids, focussing on fields of application and control approaches that have emerged in academic literature. Based on a review of published literatu ...

https://zenodo.org/record/895978/files/article.pdf

On heat pumps in smart grids: A review

Electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles are seen as the future of the automotive industry with its aim to replace the conventional combustion engine vehicle. The conventional Multi-Input Multi-Output topology used in the electric and hybrid electric vehicle applications. The weaknesses of this topology are the complexity of circuit which increases the size of the converter and overall cost. In this research, the novel idea would be to implement the Single-Input Multi-Output DC-DC converter topology in an electric vehicle. The proposed idea will be able to overcome the downsides of the conventional method of the DC-DC converter used in electric vehicle and thus benefiting users. The limitations of this research would be the implementation of the system in a real electric vehicle. The circuit designed will be simulated, fabricated and evaluated.

Design and execution of single input multiple output DC-DC converter

Malaysia is a small country surrounded by numerous oceans that can provide sufficient renewable energy for utilization. This work is to propose a design and modeling of a portable linear permanent magnet generator for the Wave Energy Conversion system that suits with the local wave parameters. Linear generator is preferable as compared to the rotary generator due to the direct drive technology that promises low maintenance cost. Three linear permanent magnet generator designs with different types of permanent magnet layout have been proposed as the permanent magnet used can provide better flux density compared to other topologies. Preliminary results for the air gap flux distribution and open-circuit flux distribution are demonstrated and discussed are shown to be as expected.

Design of a Linear Generator for Wave Energy Conversion in Peninsular Malaysia

Electrical power supply interruption due to some temporary faults has been a common problem in residential buildings. This leads to discontinuity of electrical supply to the building. However, power supply continuity is very important, as some of the appliances such as refrigerator, security, aquarium and fire alarm system requires continuous supply to be activated. Generally, when a fault occurs in the system, earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) will trip the circuit and ultimately disrupts power supply for all connected appliances. Therefore, manual power supply restoration has been performed in these buildings. In order to overcome the manual system restoration a novel automated system has been proposed. The paper aims to design and develop a supervisory control system employing local protection system employing Zigbee wireless technology. In addition to that a graphical user interface (GUI) based platform has been made to visualize and detect the faulty MCBs and isolate the fault via wireless Zigbee technology.

A novel supervisory control for residential building protection system

Linear generator utilization in a wave energy converter (WEC) is an attractive alternative to a rotary generator. This paper presents the design of a permanent magnet linear machine (PMLM) for WEC applications in low wave power areas. In this paper, the wave height and vertical speed of Malaysian water is used for the simulation and design. Two design variants are introduced which are tubular PMLM with no spacer (TPMLM-NS) and tubular PMLM with spacer (TPMLM-S). Finite element analysis (FEA) has been conducted to investigate the performance and to refine the main dimensions of the design in terms of split ratio, pitch ratio and tooth width. The FEA results are then validated using an analytical method which is established according to the design’s magnetic field distribution. Based on main dimension refinement, it can be deduced that both the split ratio and the pitch ratio have a significant influence on the airgap flux density and back EMF of the design. The obtained FEA results also reveal that the TPMLM-NS variant is capable of producing 240 V back EMF, 1 kW output power with satisfactory efficiency. Consequently, this indicates the capability of the design to convert wave energy with good performance. Additionally, good agreement between the analytical predictions and FEA results was obtained with a low percentage of error, thus providing concrete assurance of the accuracy of the design.

Design and Analysis of Tubular Slotted Linear Generators for Direct Drive Wave Energy Conversion Systems

This paper presents a study on three different topologies of tubular linear permanent magnet motors (TLPMMs), with different permanent magnet (PM) structures. These motors provide direct conversion for electrical energy into a linear mechanical force, and they are directly coupled to the load. The proposed motors are equipped with quasi-Halbach magnetized moving-magnet armatures and their stator cores have been made from a soft magnetic composite (SMC) material, Somaloy 700. Based on the nonlinear time-stepping two-dimensional finite-element analysis (2-D FEA) an extensive magnetic field analysis of the proposed designs has been established. The simulation results indicate the effectiveness of the designs to drive a linear reciprocating compressor in a household refrigerator. Moreover, the simulation results have shown that, the superiority of the two designs with T-shaped and trapezoidal-shaped PMs structures over the TLPMM with conventional rectangular-shaped PMs. In addition to that, the usage of quasi-Halbach for the PMs array arrangement has a significant effect on the motor performance.

Nursyarizal Mohd Nor

Papers

Design and execution of single input multiple output DC-DC converter

Design of a Linear Generator for Wave Energy Conversion in Peninsular Malaysia

A novel supervisory control for residential building protection system

Design and Analysis of Tubular Slotted Linear Generators for Direct Drive Wave Energy Conversion Systems

A Study on Different Topologies of the Tubular Linear Permanent Magnet Motor Designed for Linear Reciprocating Compressor Applications