Annual Energy Outlook 2008 With Projections to 2030

ライブラリー Annual Energy Outlook 2000

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In the last few years, the application of Model Predictive Control (MPC) for energy management in buildings has received significant attention from the research community. MPC is becoming more and more viable because of the increase in computational power of building automation systems and the availability of a significant amount of monitored building data. MPC has found successful implementation in building thermal regulation, fully exploiting the potential of building thermal mass. Moreover, MPC has been positively applied to active energy storage systems, as well as to the optimal management of on-site renewable energy sources. MPC also opens up several opportunities for enhancing energy efficiency in the operation of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems because of its ability to consider constraints, prediction of disturbances and multiple conflicting objectives, such as indoor thermal comfort and building energy demand. Despite the application of MPC algorithms in building control has been thoroughly investigated in various works, a unified framework that fully describes and formulates the implementation is still lacking. Firstly, this work introduces a common dictionary and taxonomy that gives a common ground to all the engineering disciplines involved in building design and control. Secondly the main scope of this paper is to define the MPC formulation framework and critically discuss the outcomes of different existing MPC algorithms for building and HVAC system management. The potential benefits of the application of MPC in improving energy efficiency in buildings were highlighted.

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Model Predictive Control (MPC) for Enhancing Building and HVAC System Energy Efficiency: Problem Formulation, Applications and Opportunities

This paper investigates heat pump systems in smart grids, focussing on fields of application and control approaches that have emerged in academic literature. Based on a review of published literatu ...

https://zenodo.org/record/895978/files/article.pdf

On heat pumps in smart grids: A review

Monitoring applications have been deployed throughout the years using either wired or short and long distance wireless technology. The wireless technologies itself have been developing and on increasing trends throughout the years. This study discusses on the comparison on two types of wireless technologies to be deployed in the healthcare industries for monitoring patient's vital signs, which are, heart rate and temperature. RF and Zigbee technologies were used in series of experiments to monitor these vital signs. It was found that the Zigbee technology produced reliable and accurate data with longer transmission range. This study also discusses on development of the device from designing until the printed PCB version. Series of tests were conducted using the variations of parameters and Zigbee technology produces stable and similar output vital signs reading compared to the conventional device.

Investigation and development of remote vital signs monitoring device using wireless communication

Intelligent buildings are important for saving energy and human comfort, which can mainly be achieved with intelligent automated control. Optimized automated control for these buildings is still a challenge to achieve the control target effectively, without disturbing the balance of energy saving and comfort level. Therefore, fuzzy inference model for power consumption and temperature with an intelligent optimizer has been developed in the present work. Power required for actuator system and thermal comfort index are the two control objectives covered for optimized system design. Hybrid Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (HMOGA) has been used to obtain Pareto optimality solutions for multi-criteria problem. The obtained balanced non-dominated solution with heuristic optimization provides enhanced comfort level with optimum power consumption. This is an important factor for up-to-date decision-making (DM) for management of energy and comfort in buildings.

Optimized intelligent control system for indoor thermal comfort and energy management of buildings

The integration of distribution generation (DG) in distribution networks with improper planning adversely influences the quality of the electrical networks. Conventionally, the outputs from the intermittent DGs, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) plants, are assumed dispatchable. The intermittency of solar irradiance on the outputs of the PV modules has been ignored in most studies on the sizing and placement of DGs. By looking at this problem, this paper presents the sizing and placement of a distributed solar photovoltaic plant (DSPP) by using time series historical weather data. To predict the output from the PV modules, 15 years of solar data were modeled with the aid of a beta probability density function. The total energy loss index was formulated as the main objective function, and the optimization problem was solved by mixed integer optimization by using genetic algorithm. By adopting a time-varying commercial load, the proposed algorithm was applied on IEEE 33 bus and IEEE 69 bus distribution networ...

Sizing and placement of solar photovoltaic plants by using time-series historical weather data

Recent developments in electrical power systems are concerned not only with static power flow control but also with their control during dynamic processes. Smart Grids came into being when it was noticed that the traditional electrical power system structure was lacking in reliability, power flow control, and consistency in the monitoring of phasor quantities. The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is one of the main critical factors for Smart Grid (SG) operation. It has the ability to provide real-time synchronized measurement of phasor quantities with the help of a Global Positioning System (GPS). However, when considering the installation costs of a PMU device, it is far too expensive to equip on every busbar in all grid stations. Therefore, this paper proposes a new approach for the Optimum Placement of the PMU problem (OPP problem) to minimize the installed number of PMUs and maximize the measurement redundancy of the network. Exclusion of the unwanted nodes technique is used in the proposed approach, in which only the most desirable buses consisting of generator bus and load bus are selected, without considering Pure Transit Nodes (PTNs) in the optimum PMU placement sets. The focal point of the proposed work considers, most importantly, the case factor of the exclusion technique of PTNs from the optimum PMU locations, as prior approaches concerning almost every algorithm have taken PTNs as their optimal PMU placement sets. Furthermore, other case factors of the proposed approach, namely, PMU channel limits, radial bus, and single PMU outage, are also considered for the OPP problem. The proposed work is tested on standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE)-case studies from MATPOWER on the MATLAB software. To show the success of the proposed work, the outputs are compared with the existing techniques.

Optimization of Phasor Measurement Unit Placement Using Several Proposed Case Factors for Power Network Monitoring

Induction motors are the workhorse component of many industries and are frequently integrated into equipment. Many industries faced one of the serious problems regarding its maintenance issues. According to Neale and Wowk, the maintenance expenditure can be up to 80% of the total cost of motor. According to the reliable study by Electric Power Research Institute, the inter-turn short-circuit faults approximately contribute 37% of the induction motor failures. In the literature, most of the techniques are reviewed that are used to diagnose the fault in stator winding and it is found that majority of motor failures are due to insulation breakdown. It is found the unbalanced voltage is one of the major sources of insulation failure. And most of the exiting techniques to diagnose this fault are off-line or sensor bases. In this work, noninvasive online method is proposed; first of all, an analytical expression is derived for the conductor segments in the stator winding that are responsible for the generation of magnetomotive force (MMF). Therefore, stator windings are partitioned down into two set of segments (slot conductors and end conductors). The slot conductors are of major interest because their axial arrangement in the slots provides a room to establish MMF in order to generate a torque. Further, in this paper, an expression for MMF is derived through winding function approach. It was found that besides the fundamental MMF, there exist waves with a different number of poles. This MMF will induce a voltage in a stator winding through rotor side. In addition, the effect of MMF is considered on the current spectrum of induction motor because the knowledge of current spectrum under faulty regimes is the point of interest to diagnose a motor fault in a noninvasive way. Moreover, a new series of rotor harmonic frequency component are introduced to diagnose unbalanced voltage supply. Finally, the proposed analytical models and new series of rotor harmonic sheds a light on stator current components to diagnose and distinguish between balanced and unbalanced voltage supply in a real-time scenario. To validate the proposed method, two experimental hardware setups were designed comprising of a three-phase induction motor, two-axis magnetic field sensor, 8821-2A variable power source, current transformer, FLUKE 435 II series power quality energy analyzer, and Pasco interface for data acquisition. The appearance and significant increase in the magnitude of a new series of harmonics under unbalanced voltage are the indication of unbalanced voltage supply. Thus, the experimental data clearly justify and validate the proposed analytical model with the results of hardware setup.

Nursyarizal Mohd Nor

Papers

Investigation and development of remote vital signs monitoring device using wireless communication

Optimized intelligent control system for indoor thermal comfort and energy management of buildings

Sizing and placement of solar photovoltaic plants by using time-series historical weather data

Optimization of Phasor Measurement Unit Placement Using Several Proposed Case Factors for Power Network Monitoring

An Analytical and Experimental Approach to Diagnose Unbalanced Voltage Supply