Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: A pharmaceutical perspective.

Of the thousands of novel compounds that a drug discovery project team invents and that bind to the therapeutic target, typically only a fraction of these have sufficient ADME/Tox properties to become a drug product. Understanding ADME/Tox is critical for all drug researchers, owing to its increasing importance in advancing high quality candidates to clinical studies and the processes of drug discovery. If the properties are weak, the candidate will have a high risk of failure or be less desirable as a drug product. This book is a tool and resource for scientists engaged in, or preparing for, the selection and optimization process. The authors describe how properties affect in vivo pharmacological activity and impact in vitro assays. Individual drug-like properties are discussed from a practical point of view, such as solubility, permeability and metabolic stability, with regard to fundamental understanding, applications of property data in drug discovery and examples of structural modifications that have achieved improved property performance. The authors also review various methods for the screening (high throughput), diagnosis (medium throughput) and in-depth (low throughput) analysis of drug properties. * Serves as an essential working handbook aimed at scientists and students in medicinal chemistry * Provides practical, step-by-step guidance on property fundamentals, effects, structure-property relationships, and structure modification strategies * Discusses improvements in pharmacokinetics from a practical chemist's standpoint

Drug-Like Properties: Concepts, Structure Design and Methods from ADME to Toxicity Optimization

IW Hamley Chemical reviews, 2012 ACS Publications ... the γ-secretase complex and its cell surface localization, in the absence of an effect on Notch ... in the development of effective γ-secretase inhibitors is to avoid side-effects caused by ... EP2 receptor.(79) Prostaglandin E 2 is produced during inflammation due to activity by cytosolic ... Cited by 143 Related articles All 4 versions Cite Save

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The amyloid beta peptide: a chemist's perspective. Role in Alzheimer's and fibrillization.

Self-assembled peptide and protein amyloid nanostructures have traditionally been considered only as pathological aggregates implicated in human neurodegenerative diseases. In more recent times, these nanostructures have found interesting applications as advanced materials in biomedicine, tissue engineering, renewable energy, environmental science, nanotechnology and material science, to name only a few fields. In all these applications, the final function depends on: (i) the specific mechanisms of protein aggregation, (ii) the hierarchical structure of the protein and peptide amyloids from the atomistic to mesoscopic length scales and (iii) the physical properties of the amyloids in the context of their surrounding environment (biological or artificial). In this review, we will discuss recent progress made in the field of functional and artificial amyloids and highlight connections between protein/peptide folding, unfolding and aggregation mechanisms, with the resulting amyloid structure and functionality. We also highlight current advances in the design and synthesis of amyloid-based biological and functional materials and identify new potential fields in which amyloid-based structures promise new breakthroughs.

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Self-assembling peptide and protein amyloids: from structure to tailored function in nanotechnology

Chiral recognition by enantioselective liquid chromatography: Mechanisms and modern chiral stationary phases

High throughput artificial membrane permeability assay for blood-brain barrier

Metabolic stability plays an important role in the success of drug candidates. First-pass metabolism is one of the major causes of poor oral bioavailability and short half-life. Traditionally, metabolic stability was evaluated at a later stage of drug discovery and required laborious manual manipulations. With the advance of high-throughput screening, combinatorial chemistry, and early profiling of drug-like properties, automated and rapid stability assays are needed to meet the increasing demand of throughput, speed, and reproducibility at earlier stages of drug discovery. The authors describe optimization of a simple, robust, high-throughput microsomal stability assay developed in a 96-well format. The assay consists of 2 automated components: robotic sample preparation for incubation and cleanup and rapid liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis to determine percent remaining of the parent compound. The reagent solutions and procedural steps were optimized for automation. Variables affecting assay results were investigated. The variability introduced by microsome preparations from different sources (various vendors and batches) was studied and indicates the need for careful control. Quality control and normalization of the stability results are critical when applying the screening data, generated at different times or research sites, to discovery projects.

Optimization of a higher throughput microsomal stability screening assay for profiling drug discovery candidates.

The performance of the atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) technique was evaluated against five sets of standards and drug-like compounds and compared to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI). The APPI technique was first used to analyze a set of 86 drug standards with diverse structures and polarities with a 100% detection rate. More detailed studies were then performed for another three sets of both drug standards and proprietary drug candidates. All 60 test compounds in these three sets were detected by APPI with an overall higher ionization efficiency than either APCI or ESI. Most of the non-polar compounds in these three sets were not ionized by APCI or ESI. Analysis of a final set of 201 Wyeth proprietary drug candidates by APPI, APCI and ESI provided an additional comparison of the ionization techniques. The detection rates in positive ion mode were 94% for APPI, 84% for APCI, and 84% for ESI. Combining positive and negative ion mode detection, APPI detected 98% of the compounds, while APCI and ESI detected 91%, respectively. This analysis shows that APPI is a valuable tool for day-to-day usage in a pharmaceutical company setting because it is able to successfully ionize more compounds, with greater structural diversity, than the other two ionization techniques. Consequently, APPI could be considered a more universal ionization method, and therefore has great potential in high-throughput drug discovery especially for open access liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) applications.

Advantages of atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry in support of drug discovery

Pharmaceutical profiling method for lipophilicity and integrity using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

http://lotusseparation.com/docs/Kraml-1-paper.pdf

Enhanced chromatographic resolution of amine enantiomers as carbobenzyloxy derivatives in high-performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography.

Oliver McConnell

Papers

High throughput artificial membrane permeability assay for blood-brain barrier

Optimization of a higher throughput microsomal stability screening assay for profiling drug discovery candidates.

Advantages of atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry in support of drug discovery

Pharmaceutical profiling method for lipophilicity and integrity using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Enhanced chromatographic resolution of amine enantiomers as carbobenzyloxy derivatives in high-performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography.