Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

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Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

The long-standing challenge of designing and constructing new crystalline solid-state materials from molecular building blocks is just beginning to be addressed with success. A conceptual approach that requires the use of secondary building units to direct the assembly of ordered frameworks epitomizes this process: we call this approach reticular synthesis. This chemistry has yielded materials designed to have predetermined structures, compositions and properties. In particular, highly porous frameworks held together by strong metal-oxygen-carbon bonds and with exceptionally large surface area and capacity for gas storage have been prepared and their pore metrics systematically varied and functionalized.

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Reticular synthesis and the design of new materials

Making use of the de Gennes-Alexander network equation, we have investigated the transition temperature of three-dimensional superconducting networks in a magnetic field. For the magnetic field H(0.75<Ha 2 /Φ 0 < 2.25), a superconducting tetrahedron has a nonsuperconducting vertex because of the frustration. In contrast to this, the C60 fullerene network shows antifluxons when the magnetic field is normal to one of the pentagons and hexagons, because of the frustration that comes from the rotational symmetry around these polygons.

Superconducting three-dimensional networks in a magnetic field: Frustrated systems

We report a rare case of an atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm with lymphocyte infiltration in which T-cell receptor (TCR) Valpha as well as Vbeta gene usage was restricted. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the infiltrating cells mainly consisted of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and T-helper (Th) cells, and that there were almost no infiltrating delta T lymphocytes, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and 65-kD heat-shock protein (HSP-65) was not strongly expressed in the aortic tissue. Although the immunohistochemical data were consistent with an ordinary atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm, in which TCR Valpha-Vbeta gene usage is known to be polyclonal, the restricted TCR gene usage suggests that a certain autoimmune mechanism was involved in the pathogenesis of this case similar to Takayasu's arteritis, in which massive infiltration of delta T lymphocytes and strong expression of HSP-65 in the aortic tissue are characteristic.

Restricted usage of T-cell receptor Valpha-Vbeta genes in infiltrating cells in the aortic tissue of a patient with atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm.

Electrically tunable materials are used to construct switches and memory devices. Applying an electric field within a specific temperature range to cyanometallate complexes triggers their charge-transfer phase transition, altering their optical and magnetic properties.

Switchable materials: an electric effect.

A Study of Mechanism of Bi-Directional Measurement Influenced by Material on Dimensional Measurement Using X-Ray CT

✓ This paper reports the first case of chromoblastomycosis affecting the cisterna magna and the spinal subarachnoid space. Suboccipital craniectomy and laminectomy of T-8, 9, and 10 revealed arachnoiditis and multiple granulomas caused by Hormodendrum pedrosi.

Osamu Sato

Papers

Superconducting three-dimensional networks in a magnetic field: Frustrated systems

Restricted usage of T-cell receptor Valpha-Vbeta genes in infiltrating cells in the aortic tissue of a patient with atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm.

Switchable materials: an electric effect.

A Study of Mechanism of Bi-Directional Measurement Influenced by Material on Dimensional Measurement Using X-Ray CT

Chromoblastomycosis in the cisterna magna and the spinal subarachnoid space. Case report.