Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

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Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

The long-standing challenge of designing and constructing new crystalline solid-state materials from molecular building blocks is just beginning to be addressed with success. A conceptual approach that requires the use of secondary building units to direct the assembly of ordered frameworks epitomizes this process: we call this approach reticular synthesis. This chemistry has yielded materials designed to have predetermined structures, compositions and properties. In particular, highly porous frameworks held together by strong metal-oxygen-carbon bonds and with exceptionally large surface area and capacity for gas storage have been prepared and their pore metrics systematically varied and functionalized.

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Reticular synthesis and the design of new materials

Intracranial arterial reconstructive techniques were used in three patients for whom conventional neck clipping was not feasible due to the size, location or symptoms of their aneurysms. In the first case, complicated by subarachnoid hemorrhage, a giant aneurysm in the right middle cerebral artery was excised and the stump of the parent arteries was reconstructed in end-to-end and end-to-side fashion. The second case had a large thrombosed aneurysm in the left vertebral artery compressing the medulla oblongata, with small perforators originating from the proximal posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) feeding the brainstem. The PICA was transposed to cerebellar cortical artery and the aneurysm excised. The third case presented with TIA and small infarctions were observed in the left thalamus. A giant, partially thrombosed, aneurysm in the left posterior cerebral artery (PCA) was trapped with a revascularization of the distal PCA from the superior cerebellar artery in side-to-side fashion. Indications for these intracranial arterial reconstructions in aneurysmal surgery were discussed and pertinent literature was reviewed.

Intracranial arterial reconstructive surgery for unclippable aneurysms. An application of microvascular suturing.

PURPOSE: To improve acceleration resistance of a pilot by controlling gas pressure supplied to the device main body according to resistance property of a pilot against acceleration. CONSTITUTION: A control program based on previously decided relation of gas pressure aginst acceleration and blood flow speed is memorized in the memory device 9 of a control means 7. In a central processing unit 8, following to the control program, the gas pressure detected by a pressure detecting means 6 is compared with the previously decided gas pressure against the acceleration and the blood flow speed detected by an acceleration detecting means 11 and a blood flow speed detecting sensor 12, and a control signal based on the deviation is output to a pressure adjusting means 3. Hereby, the pressure adjusting means 3 adjusts gas pressure supplying to bladders 2 according to different resistance property against acceleration due to individual difference, physical condition, and the like of a pilot 5. Hereby, resistance of the pilot 5 against acceleration is appropriately improved. COPYRIGHT: (C)1992,JPO&Japio

Acceleration resistance device for pilot of aircraft

Magnetic-flux structures of disordered superconducting networks under an external magnetic field are studied, using the de Gennes-Alexander equation. These magnetic structures are different from those for regular network. If the wire at the edge of the network is weak superconducting, the flux enters at this wire with increasing magnetic field. And the change in equilibrium vortex structures with increasing magnetic field becomes gradual; vortices change their positions to the neighboring holes.

Vortex structures in disordered finite superconducting square networks under external magnetic field

We herein report two patients with end-stage renal failure who complained of disabling claudication due to abdominal aortic atherosclerosis. Both were on chronic hemodialysis for more than 15 years, and their abdominal aorta was densely calcified. We elected to perform a descending aorta to iliac artery bypass in order to avoid hazardous clamping of the calcified aorta. Hemodialyisis was able to be resumed on the first postoperative day. They tolerated the operation well and their symptoms disappeared. This operative procedure is therefore considered to be a useful option for patients with a porcelain aorta who are on chronic hemodialysis.

Osamu Sato

Papers

Intracranial arterial reconstructive surgery for unclippable aneurysms. An application of microvascular suturing.

Acceleration resistance device for pilot of aircraft

Vortex structures in disordered finite superconducting square networks under external magnetic field

Primary bypass surgery from the descending aorta to the iliac arteries for a severely calcified aorta: report of two cases.

Second harmonic generation investigation of rhodamine B derivatives in Langmuir-Blodgett films