Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

/pdf/dye-sensitized-solar-cells-50b0w2bhsr.pdf

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

The long-standing challenge of designing and constructing new crystalline solid-state materials from molecular building blocks is just beginning to be addressed with success. A conceptual approach that requires the use of secondary building units to direct the assembly of ordered frameworks epitomizes this process: we call this approach reticular synthesis. This chemistry has yielded materials designed to have predetermined structures, compositions and properties. In particular, highly porous frameworks held together by strong metal-oxygen-carbon bonds and with exceptionally large surface area and capacity for gas storage have been prepared and their pore metrics systematically varied and functionalized.

/pdf/reticular-synthesis-and-the-design-of-new-materials-lazbx7tdux.pdf

Reticular synthesis and the design of new materials

Artifact Calibration of Coordinate Measuring Machine (2nd Report): —Self Calibration of Redundant Coordinate Measuring Machine—@@@—冗長座標測定機の自己校正—

We have developed SBUML (Scrapbook for UML), an extension of UML (User-Mode Linux), by adding checkpointing functionality to UML. In this paper, we first describe the design and implementation of SBUML, and then propose a new snapshot programming environment, which is realized by the SBUML programming interfaces. The intended applications of SBUML include intrusion detection and sand-boxing for network security, and software model checking for verifying multi-threaded programs. In particular, using snapshot programming, one can enumerate state spaces of programs actually running under Linux.

UML scrapbook and realization of snapshot programming environment

Coming from the actual and future measurement needs in the product and technological developments, a new experimental device for Parallel CMM (Coordinates Measuring Machine with Parallel Mechanism structure) was redesigned from mechanical point of view, and the results of its calibration process are presented in this paper. First of all, to justify our research topic, a short analysis is included, taking into account the actual/further CMM’s market trends, from both– customers’ requirements and builders’ possibilities. Next, as a possible solution to encompass and pass the actual CMM (serial) structure’s limitations (speed, accuracy, weight, etc), a linear actuated 3-3P(SS/SS) parallel mechanism structure is developed, by analysing and proving its suitable structure. Adding new improvements in the general mechanical design conception at previous experimental models (especially, for magnetically spherical joints) the number and level of the geometric errors became smaller without high costs of the manufacturing/assembly operations, and the accuracy of the mechanism was increased. Three proposals for the calibration models (with 9, 16 and 39 parameters) using for measurements another CMM (serial) and additional 3 sensors are presented, for the determination of the mechanism’s geometric (static) errors in the working space area. Volumetric accuracy of the mechanism (errors) was determined by simulation in these cases and the numerical results are presented in a table and graphically in pictures for the best one (16).

Parallel CMM - A New Development: Mechanical Design and Calibration Results

Cyanide-bridged Fe-Co complex [Fe(Tp)(CN)3]2Co(bpe)⋅5H2O (1⋅5H2O; Tp = hydro-tris(pyrazolyl)borate; bpe = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane) shows temperature- and light- induced metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) involving spin state changes between magnetic $\mathrm{Fe}^{\mathrm{III}}_{\phantom{\mathrm{III}}\mathrm{LS}}\mbox{--}\mathrm{Co}^{\mathrm{II}}_{\phantom{\mathrm{II}}\mathrm{HS}}$
 (HS = high spin, LS = low spin) state and nonmagnetic $\mathrm{Fe}^{\mathrm{II}}_{\phantom{\mathrm{II}}\mathrm{LS}}\mbox{--}\mathrm{Co}^{\mathrm{III}}_{\phantom{\mathrm{III}}\mathrm{LS}}$
 state, while the dehydrated material 1 does not show any MMCT and holds $\mathrm{Fe}^{\mathrm{III}}_{\phantom{\mathrm{III}}\mathrm{LS}}\mbox{--}\mathrm{Co}^{\mathrm{II}}_{\phantom{\mathrm{II}}\mathrm{HS}}$
 state. We have investigated the magnetic properties of each spin state in 1 and 1⋅5H2O by means of magnetization and ESR measurement under pulsed high magnetic field. At low temperature below T
 N, in both 1 and 1⋅5H2O, the saturation magnetization in the induced ferromagnetic phase is well explained by S and g values derived from the magnetic susceptibility study. In the ESR of 1, we observed characteristic modes corresponding to a spin excitation in the induced ferromagnetic phase where its temperature dependence shows an evolution of spin correlation in the $\mathrm{Fe}^{\mathrm{III}}_{\phantom{\mathrm{III}}\mathrm{LS}}\mbox{--}\mathrm{Co}^{\mathrm{II}}_{\phantom{\mathrm{II}}\mathrm{HS}}$
 state at low temperature. We further found that the similar ESR modes grow in the light-induced state of 1⋅5H2O. The results strongly suggest that the light-induced magnetization in 1⋅5H2O is driven by a light-induced MMCT, which involves transition of spin multiplicity from the nonmagnetic $\mathrm{Fe}^{\mathrm{II}}_{\phantom{\mathrm{II}}\mathrm{LS}}\mbox{--}\mathrm{Co}^{\mathrm{III}}_{\phantom{\mathrm{III}}\mathrm{LS}}$
 to the magnetic $\mathrm{Fe}^{\mathrm{III}}_{\phantom{\mathrm{III}}\mathrm{LS}}\mbox{--}\mathrm{Co}^{\mathrm{II}}_{\phantom{\mathrm{\mathrm{II}}}\mathrm{HS}}$
 pair.

High-field ESR on Light-Induced Transition of Spin Multiplicity in FeCo Complex

OBJECTIVE To clarify the clinical features of chronic arterial occlusive disease in which the main lesion occurs in the popliteal artery (OPA). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This was a retrospective study with a follow-up of 1 to 163 months. SETTING A department of surgery in a university hospital. PATIENTS Fifty-six patient who underwent tibioperoneal bypasses: 31 patients with OPA, and 25 with an extensive occlusive lesion from the femoral to popliteal artery (OFPA). INTERVENTION All bypasses were performed using reversed saphenous veins under tourniquet ischemia. MEASUREMENTS The background of the patients and the surgical results, including long-term patency and postoperative arteriographic findings. RESULTS Buerger's disease occurred most commonly in the OPA group (49%) and arteriosclerosis obliterans occurred most commonly in the OFPA group (64%). The 3-year primary and secondary cumulative patency rates of the grafts for OPA were 72% and 85% respectively, and were comparable with those of OFPA. Arteriographic analyses carried out in the follow-up period revealed no occlusive progression in the inflow artery. CONCLUSIONS Popliteal-distal bypass is a reliable procedure in selected patients with OPA.

Osamu Sato

Papers

Artifact Calibration of Coordinate Measuring Machine (2nd Report): —Self Calibration of Redundant Coordinate Measuring Machine—@@@—冗長座標測定機の自己校正—

UML scrapbook and realization of snapshot programming environment

Parallel CMM - A New Development: Mechanical Design and Calibration Results

High-field ESR on Light-Induced Transition of Spin Multiplicity in FeCo Complex

Tibioperoneal bypass for popliteal arterial occlusion