http://academic.oup.com/milmed/article-pdf/146/7/506/24126715/milmed-146-7-506.pdf

Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

Traditional Medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about 60% of the world's population. This review focuses on Indian Herbal drugs and plants used in the treatment of diabetes, especially in India. Diabetes is an important human ailment afflicting many from various walks of life in different countries. In India it is proving to be a major health problem, especially in the urban areas. Though there are various approaches to reduce the ill effects of diabetes and its secondary complications, herbal formulations are preferred due to lesser side effects and low cost. A list of medicinal plants with proven antidiabetic and related beneficial effects and of herbal drugs used in treatment of diabetes is compiled. These include, Allium sativum, Eugenia jambolana, Momordica charantia Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum graecum and Withania somnifera. One of the etiologic factors implicated in the development of diabetes and its complications is the damage induced by free radicals and hence an antidiabetic compound with antioxidant properties would be more beneficial. Therefore information on antioxidant effects of these medicinal plants is also included.

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Indian Herbs and Herbal Drugs Used for the Treatment of Diabetes

This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of some Lactobacillus isolates of chicken origin. Among 90 isolates 14 Lactobacillus species were distinguished using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 16S-ARDRA. The dominant species was L. salivarius (34.4%), followed by L. johnsonii (23.3%), L. crispatus (13.3%) and L. reuteri (11.1%). All lactobacilli were screened for antimicrobial activity against wild-type strains of Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens. Results from the agar slab method showed that all Lactobacillus isolates were able to produce active compounds on solid media with antagonistic properties against these pathogens. The highest sensitivity to lactobacilli was observed in C. perfringens strains, and the lowest in E. coli. Lactobacillus salivarius exhibited particularly strong antagonism towards all of the indicator bacteria. Strains of L. ingluviei and L. johnsonii and one strain of L. salivarius (10d) selectively inhibited the growth of C. perfringens. No antimicrobial activity of many Lactobacillus isolates was observed when cell-free culture supernatant was used in a well diffusion assay. All Lactobacillus isolates exhibited the ability to produce H2O2 and proved to be hydrophobic (excluding one of L. salivarius). [Int Microbiol 19(1):57-67 (2016)]Keywords: Lactobacillus spp. · avian lactobacilli · antimicrobial activity · gut health · poultry pathogens

Antimicrobial activity of

Diabetes mellitus is one of the common metabolic disorders acquiring around 2.8% of the world's population and is anticipated to cross 5.4% by the year 2025. Since long back herbal medicines have been the highly esteemed source of medicine therefore, they have become a growing part of modern, high-tech medicine. In view of the above aspects the present review provides profiles of plants (65 species) with hypoglycaemic properties, available through literature source from various database with proper categorization according to the parts used, mode of reduction in blood glucose (insulinomimetic or insulin secretagogues activity) and active phytoconstituents having insulin mimetics activity. From the review it was suggested that, plant showing hypoglycemic potential mainly belongs to the family Leguminoseae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Moraceae, Rosaceae and Araliaceae. The most active plants are Allium sativum, Gymnema sylvestre, Citrullus colocynthis, Trigonella foenum greacum, Momordica charantia and Ficus bengalensis. The review describes some new bioactive drugs and isolated compounds from plants such as roseoside, epigallocatechin gallate, beta-pyrazol-1-ylalanine, cinchonain Ib, leucocyandin 3-O-beta-d-galactosyl cellobioside, leucopelargonidin-3- O-alpha-L rhamnoside, glycyrrhetinic acid, dehydrotrametenolic acid, strictinin, isostrictinin, pedunculagin, epicatechin and christinin-A showing significant insulinomimetic and antidiabetic activity with more efficacy than conventional hypoglycaemic agents. Thus, from the review majorly, the antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants is attributed to the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins and other constituents which show reduction in blood glucose levels. The review also discusses the management aspect of diabetes mellitus using these plants and their active principles.

An overview on antidiabetic medicinal plants having insulin mimetic property

Leads from Indian medicinal plants with hypoglycemic potentials

Hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Annona squamosa L. in experimental animals.

Insulinotropic effect of cinnamaldehyde on transcriptional regulation of pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and GLUT4 translocation in experimental diabetic rats.

Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for diabetes mellitus. Our aim was to demonstrate the hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic activity of the water extract of Annona squamosa (custard apple) in diabetic animals with a view to explore its use for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in humans. Hot-water extract of the leaves of A. squamosa was prepared by boiling fresh and airdried leaves (25°C for 5 days) with water (20 ml/g) for 2 h and was tried by oral route in alloxan (80 mg/kg bw)-induced diabetic rabbits and streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg bw)-induced diabetic rats. The hot-water extract of leaves of A. squamosa at a dose 350 mg/kg bw reduced the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level slightly by 6.5% within 1 h and the peak blood glucose at 1 h during glucose tolerance test (GTT) was reduced by 15% in normal healthy rats. The same dose of water extract showed antidiabetic activity in two species of animals, namely rabbits and rats with induced diabetes. In the case of alloxan-induced diabetes in rabbits, a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in FBG by 24.4% and improvement in glucose tolerance as indicated by 36.8 and 40.5% fall in blood glucose at 1 h and 2 h during GTT was observed. In STZ diabetic rats also, there was 16.5% decrease in FBG, 24 and 67% reduction in blood glucose at 1 h and 2 h during GTT. After ten days of treatment of a group of STZ diabetic rats with 350 mg/kg bw of the water extract, there was 75.5% fall in FBG level and no sugar in fasting urine was observed. Treatment of alloxan-induced severely diabetic rabbits for 15 days with a dose of 350 mg/kg bw of extract reduced FBG by 48.7% and sugar in urine was reduced by 75%. It brought about fall in the levels of total cholesterol by 41.3% with increase of 29.14% in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and 70% fall in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, including 25% decrease in triglyceride (TG) levels. After 15 days of treatment, glycosylated haemoglobin level (HbA1c) was reduced by 30%, with a 10.8% increase of total haemoglobin. Extract enhanced the serum insulin level by 27.6% in diabetic animals during GTT and insulin release by 38.1% from isolated pancreatic islets. Water extract increases uptake of glucose in psoas muscles by 57% in the presence of insulin and inhibits glucose absorption by 18.1% through the isolated intestinal segments. Water extract inhibits the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase in isolated rat microsomes. No mortality was found up to 15 times the effective dose. The present study reveals that A. squamosa has both hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic activity. It seems to act by enhancing insulin level from pancreatic islets, increased utilization of glucose in muscle and inhibited the glucose output from liver. It reverses the abnormal lipid profile seen in diabetic animals. Its margin of safety is high. Extract obtained from leaves of A. squamosa is useful in maintaining healthy blood sugar and cholesterol levels.

Hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Annona squamosa (L.) in experimental animal

Thenutritive value of the pulp of the edible fruit of Annona squamosa and its effect on various biochemical parameters has been assessed in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Nutritional and hypoglycemic effect of fruit pulp of Annona squamosa in normal healthy and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits.

The aqueous extract of the fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. has been evaluated for its antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin (STZ) induced mild diabetic rats and compared with a known drug, tolbutamide. The oral effective dose (ED) of the extract was observed to be 200 mg/kg body weight, which produced a fall of 55.6% (p<0.01) in the oral glucose tolerance test. Oral administration of ED of aqueous extract of T.chebula (AETC) daily once for two months reduced the elevated blood glucose by 43.2% (p<0.01) and significantly reduced the increase in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (p<0.01). The same dose also showed a marked improvement in controlling the elevated blood lipids as well as decreased serum insulin levels in contrast to the untreated diabetic animals. Hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogen content decreased by 75% and 62.9% respectively in diabetic controls, these alterations were partly prevented (34.9% and 21.17%) in AETC treated group when compared to the healthy controls. The in vitro studies with pancreatic islets showed that the insulin release was nearly two times more than that in untreated diabetic animals. The treatment did not have any unfavorable effect on other blood parameters of liver and kidney function tests. LD 50 was found to be above 3 g/kg bw i.e. 15 times of ED, because there were no deaths of animals even at this dose indicating high margin of safety. These findings suggest further investigations for the possible use of the aqueous extract of fruits of T.chebula for the treatment of diabetes.

Long-term Effects of Terminalia chebula Retz. on Hyperglycemia and Associated Hyperlipidemia, Tissue Glycogen Content and in Vitro Release of Insulin in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

P.S. Murthy

Papers

Hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Annona squamosa L. in experimental animals.

Insulinotropic effect of cinnamaldehyde on transcriptional regulation of pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and GLUT4 translocation in experimental diabetic rats.

Hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Annona squamosa (L.) in experimental animal

Nutritional and hypoglycemic effect of fruit pulp of Annona squamosa in normal healthy and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits.

Long-term Effects of Terminalia chebula Retz. on Hyperglycemia and Associated Hyperlipidemia, Tissue Glycogen Content and in Vitro Release of Insulin in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats