http://aoatools.aua.gr/pilotec/files/bibliography/Biofuels%20(alcohols%20and%20biodiesel)%20applications%20as%20fuels%20for%20internal-4026835713/Biofuels%20(alcohols%20and%20biodiesel)%20applications%20as%20fuels%20for%20internal.pdf

Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines

羟氨苄青霉素引起大疱性类天疱疮样疹

Solar Engineering Of Thermal Processes

This paper provides an insight to the feasibility of adopting hydrogen as a key energy carrier and fuel source in the near future. It is shown that hydrogen has several advantages, as well as few drawbacks in using for the above purposes. The research shows that hydrogen will be a key player in storing energy that is wasted at generation stage in large-scale power grids by off-peak diversion to dummy loads. The estimations show that by the year of 2050 there will be a hydrogen demand of over 42 million metric tons or 45 billion gallon gasoline equivalent (GGE) in the United States of America alone which can fuel up 342 million light-duty vehicles for 51 × 1011 miles (82 × 1011 km) travel per year. The production at distributed level has also been discussed. The paper also presents the levels of risk in production, storage and distribution stages and proposes possible techniques to address safety issues. It is shown that the storage in small to medium scale containers is much economical compared to doing the same at large-scale containers. The study concludes that hydrogen has a promising future to be a highly feasible energy carrier and energy source itself at consumer level.

/pdf/hydrogen-as-an-energy-carrier-prospects-and-challenges-1ykjitdmy8.pdf

Hydrogen as an energy carrier: Prospects and challenges

https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa48864/Download/0048864-07032019141310.pdf

Reverse osmosis desalination: A state-of-the-art review

Performance evaluation of a PV (photovoltaic) module by back surface water cooling for hot climatic conditions

Cooling of PV panels is a critical issue in the design and operation of concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) technology. Due to high cell temperature and non-uniform temperature distribution, current mismatching problem and hot spot occurs on the cell resulting in either reduction of efficiency or permanent structural damage due to thermal stresses. Temperature non-uniformity on the surface of PV panel has a major impact on the performance of CPV systems and directly increases cell temperature and series resistance. This review paper highlights the importance of uniform PV cooling by exploring the possible causes and effects of non-uniformity. Cooling techniques with low average cell temperature and uniform temperature distribution are analyzed. Economic and environmental impact on the importance of cooling of PV systems are discussed and an experimental case study is presented for comparison between uniform and non-uniform cooling methods. Immersion cooling is a promising solution for uniform cooling and has been reported to reduce the cell temperature to 20–45 °C for CPV systems. Heat pipes reduced the temperature down to 32 °C with the best case temperature non-uniformity of 3 °C. Passive cooling by heat sinks was found to reduce the cell temperature as low as 37 °C for high concentrations but with an expense of large heat sink area. Active cooling by microchannels, impingement cooling and hybrid microchannel-impingement cooling were found to be most effective in dissipating high heat flux from PV surface. Cell temperature was reported to decrease to 30 °C for 200× CPV using impingement cooling. For hybrid cooling, deviation of 0.46 °C surface temperature was obtained. Using PCM materials temperature of panel was controlled within 28–65 °C whereas optimization of heat exchanger designs also showed low and uniform temperature across surface. The impact of non-uniformity was found to be significant for all PV systems however the effect is more pronounced in CPV systems.

Uniform cooling of photovoltaic panels: A review

It is important to decrease the energy cost of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems without compromising indoor air quality and comfort conditions due to the rising cost of fossil fuels and other environmental concerns. Liquid desiccant cooling systems are one of the alternatives in this regard which is not only environmental friendly (no use of any refrigerant which deplete ozone layer) but at the same time make a good use of alternative sources of energy like, solar, biomass etc. This paper presents different commercially available liquid desiccants and their composites which combines the properties of two or more desiccant materials for better performance. A good desiccant should have better moisture absorption capability and lower temperature of regeneration. This paper also includes the different configurations of liquid desiccant dehumidifiers and their advantages as well as drawbacks. Some new configurations of liquid desiccant dehumidifiers have been introduced which greatly improves the system overall performance. Moreover, a summary of the performance parameters has been made to analyze the system performance. This review is meaningful for the research and technical development process of liquid desiccant technology.

Liquid desiccant materials and dehumidifiers – A review

The air conditioner should control the building sensible and latent load properly in order to provide the indoor comfort conditions. The conventional mechanical vapor compression system usually controls the latent load by the process of condensation of water vapor in which air is cooled below its dew point temperature and then reheated again up to the required supply conditions. The conditions where latent load is dominant these two processes i.e. overcooling and then reheating again will increase the consumption of electrical energy and emission of CO 2 remarkably. To avoid this wastage of primary energy and emission of harmful gases, desiccant based evaporative cooling system is a good alternative to traditional air conditioning system which is cost effective as well as environment friendly. It can be driven by thermal energy which makes a good use of solar energy which is free as well as clean. In this paper, a review of desiccant based evaporative cooling systems has been presented. The present study is undertaken from variety of aspects including background and need of alternative cooling systems, concept of conventional and desiccant based evaporative coolers, system configurations, operational modes, as well as current status of the desiccant based evaporative cooling technology. The review work indicated that the technology of desiccant based evaporative cooler has a great potential of providing human thermal comfort conditions in hot and humid climatic conditions at the expense of less primary resources of energy as compared to conventional cooling systems. Some modified and modern evaporative coolers have also been introduced in this paper.

Palanichamy Gandhidasan

Papers

Performance evaluation of a PV (photovoltaic) module by back surface water cooling for hot climatic conditions

Uniform cooling of photovoltaic panels: A review

Liquid desiccant materials and dehumidifiers – A review

A review on desiccant based evaporative cooling systems

A simplified model for air dehumidification with liquid desiccant