Pedagosko i psiholosko testiranje i procjenjivanje spadaju među najvažnije doprinose znanosti o ponasanju nasem drustvu i pružaju temeljna i znacajna poboljsanja u odnosu na ranije postupke. Iako se ne može ustvrditi da su svi testovi dovoljno usavrseni niti da su sva testiranja razborita i korisna, postoji velika kolicina informacija koje ukazuju na ucinkovitost kvalitetnih instrumenata u onim situacijama u kojima je njihovo koristenje potkrijepljeno validacijskim podacima. Pravilna upotreba testova može dovesti do boljih odluka o pojedincima i programima nego sto bi to bio slucaj bez njihovog koristenja, a također i ukazati na put za siri i pravedniji pristup obrazovanju i zaposljavanju. Međutim, losa upotreba testova može dovesti do zamjetne stete nanesene ispitanicima i drugim sudionicima u procesu donosenja odluka na temelju testovnih podataka. Cilj Standarda je promoviranje kvalitetne i eticne upotrebe testova te uspostavljanje osnovice za ocjenu kvalitete postupaka testiranja. Svrha objavljivanja Standarda je uspostavljanje kriterija za evaluaciju testova, provedbe testiranja i posljedica upotrebe testova. Iako bi evaluacija prikladnosti testa ili njegove primjene trebala ovisiti prvenstveno o strucnim misljenjima, Standardi pružaju okvir koji osigurava obuhvacanje svih relevantnih pitanja. Bilo bi poželjno da svi autori, sponzori, nakladnici i korisnici profesionalnih testova usvoje Standarde te da poticu druge da ih također prihvate.

Standards for educational and psychological testing

Numerous theories in social and health psychology assume that intentions cause behaviors. However, most tests of the intention- behavior relation involve correlational studies that preclude causal inferences. In order to determine whether changes in behavioral intention engender behavior change, participants should be assigned randomly to a treatment that significantly increases the strength of respective intentions relative to a control condition, and differences in subsequent behavior should be compared. The present research obtained 47 experimental tests of intention-behavior relations that satisfied these criteria. Meta-analysis showed that a medium-to-large change in intention (d = 0.66) leads to a small-to-medium change in behavior (d = 0.36). The review also identified several conceptual factors, methodological features, and intervention characteristics that moderate intention-behavior consistency.

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Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence.

Health-compromising behaviors such as physical inactivity and poor dietary habits are difficult to change. Most social-cognitive theories as...

Modelando el cambio en el comportamiento de salud: Cómo predecir y modificar la adopción y el mantenimiento de comportamientos de salud

The Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) is a multistage model that is based on findings from research on people's responses to environmental hazards and disasters. The PADM integrates the processing of information derived from social and environmental cues with messages that social sources transmit through communication channels to those at risk. The PADM identifies three critical predecision processes (reception, attention, and comprehension of warnings or exposure, attention, and interpretation of environmental/social cues)--that precede all further processing. The revised model identifies three core perceptions--threat perceptions, protective action perceptions, and stakeholder perceptions--that form the basis for decisions about how to respond to an imminent or long-term threat. The outcome of the protective action decision-making process, together with situational facilitators and impediments, produces a behavioral response. In addition to describing the revised model and the research on which it is based, this article describes three applications (development of risk communication programs, evacuation modeling, and adoption of long-term hazard adjustments) and identifies some of the research needed to address unresolved issues.

The Protective Action Decision Model: Theoretical Modifications and Additional Evidence

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) was established in 1965 by the World Health Assembly, as an independently funded organisation within the framework of the World Health Organization. The headquarters of the Agency are in Lyon, France. The Agency conducts a programme of research concentrating particularly on the epidemiology of cancer and the study of potential carcinogens in the human environment. Its field studies are supplemented by biological and chemical research carried out in the Agency's laboratories in Lyon and, through collaborative research agreements, in national research institutions in many countries. The Agency also conducts a programme for the education and training of personnel for cancer research. The publications of the Agency contribute to the dissemination of authoritative information on different aspects of cancer research. Information about IARC publications, and how to order them, is available via the Internet at: http:// The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication.

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cncr.11334

IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention

The transtheoretical model of behavior change.

This research examined the validity of self-reports of adolescent smoking and explored factors that may influence agreement between self-reported smoking and biological indicators. Data were obtained from 1,881 adolescents as part of a household probability study in the southeastern United States. Adolescents aged 12-14 years reported their tobacco use and provided breath and saliva samples. The sensitivity and specificity of self-reports of smoking were calculated with measures of carbon monoxide, salivary cotinine, and salivary thiocyanate as standards. When the self-report items were compatible with the half-life of the biological indicator, and values were adjusted for smokeless tobacco use, sensitivity varied widely (carbon monoxide, 38%; cotinine, 81%-87%; thiocyanate, 80%). The range for specificity was more constrained (carbon monoxide, 98%; cotinine, 98%; thiocyanate, 80%). Sensitivity of self-report was influenced by the biological indicator examined and the timeframe of questions on smoking. Specificity of self-report was influenced by the biological indicator examined and use of other tobacco products. Overall, sensitivity and specificity were highest when recent smoking was assessed and when cotinine was the standard and smokeless tobacco use was considered. Examination of inhalation patterns suggested that detection of smoking may be influenced by recency of smoking and whether the adolescent smoker inhales. Assessments of individual adolescents' smoking were most accurate when smoking was recent and when cotinine was used and smokeless tobacco could be identified. Prevalence estimates of smoking were similar with self-reports and cotinine.

An assessment of the validity of adolescent self-reported smoking using three biological indicators

The health disparities that negatively affect African Americans are well-documented; however, there are also many sociocultural factors that may play a protective role in health outcomes. Religious involvement is noted to be important in the African American community and to have a positive association with health outcomes. However, few studies have explained why this relationship exists. This article reports on the development and validation of instruments to assess two proposed mediators of the relationship between religiosity and health for an African American population; perceived religious influence on health behaviors and illness as punishment from a higher power. We used a systematic iterative process, including interviews and questionnaire data from African Americans who provided feedback on item wording. We also solicited input from African American pastors. In a sample of 55 African Americans, the instruments appeared to have strong internal reliability (α = .74 and .91, respectively) as well as test-retest reliability (r = .65, .84, respectively, p < .001). Evidence far construct validity is also discussed, as are recommendations for health disparities research using these instruments.

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Development and Validation of Instruments to Assess Potential Religion-Health Mechanisms in an African American Population

Variations in physicians' advice for managing hypertension in women: a study using NHANES III.

Assessment of social influence on health behavior is often approached through a situational context. The current study adapted an existing, theory-based instrument from another content domain to assess Perceived Social Influence on Health Behavior (PSI-HB) among African Americans, using an individual difference approach. The adapted instrument was found to have high internal reliability (α = .81-.84) and acceptable test-retest reliability (r = .68-.85). A measurement model revealed a three-factor structure and supported the theoretical underpinnings. Scores were predictive of health behaviors, particularly among women. Future research using the new instrument may have applied value assessing social influence in the context of health interventions.

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Patricia A. Lee

Papers

The transtheoretical model of behavior change.

An assessment of the validity of adolescent self-reported smoking using three biological indicators

Development and Validation of Instruments to Assess Potential Religion-Health Mechanisms in an African American Population

Variations in physicians' advice for managing hypertension in women: a study using NHANES III.

Development and Validation of an Instrument to Assess Perceived Social Influence on Health Behaviors