There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Theory of fuzzy integrals and its applications

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1016/0169-5983(93)90106-K/pdf

Phenomena of liquid drop impact on solid and liquid surfaces

Deep learning in environmental remote sensing: Achievements and challenges

Sea salt aerosol (SSA) exerts a major influence over a broad reach of geophysics. It is important to the physics and chemistry of the marine atmosphere and to marine geochemistry and biogeochemistry generally. It affects visibility, remote sensing, atmospheric chemistry, and air quality. Sea salt aerosol particles interact with other atmospheric gaseous and aerosol constituents by acting as sinks for condensable gases and suppressing new particle formation, thus influencing the size distribution of these other aerosols and more broadly influencing the geochemical cycles of substances with which they interact. As the key aerosol constituent over much of Earth's surface at present, and all the more so in pre-industrial times, SSA is central to description of Earth's aerosol burden.

Sea Salt Aerosol Production: Mechanisms, Methods, Measurements, and Models - A Critical Review

Various processes are described by which a drop of water, impacting on a water surface, may entrain a bubble. There are: (i) irregular entrainment, in which the complex details of a splash entrain bubbles; (ii) regular entrainment, in which the crater formed by the drop impact develops in a predictable way to form a single bubble; (iii) entrainment of large bubbles, in which most of the volume of the crater is trapped as a bubble; and (iv) Mesler entrainment, in which many very small bubbles are trapped in the very early stages of the impact process; possibly between wave crests of capillary waves which develop on the drop and on the water surface. This last process is different from the preceding three in that it produces very little sound. All of the processes except the third one have been described individually in the literature; here we present them together for comparison. The regular entrainment process is discussed in the greatest detail and some new experimental results are presented which concern the size and nature of the entrained bubbles. The significance of the regular and irregular entrainment processes to the generation of underwater sound by rain is discussed.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0022112090003378

The entrainment of bubbles by drop impacts

A review of heterogeneous sediments in coastal environments

Soft likelihood functions in combining evidence

A simple parameterized model for wave-induced burial of mine-like cylinders as a function of grain-size, time-varying, wave orbital velocity and mine diameter was implemented and assessed against results from inert instrumented mines placed off the Indian Rocks Beach (IRB, FL), and off the Martha's vineyard coastal observatory (MVCO, Edgartown, MA). The steady flow scour parameters provided by Whitehouse (1998) for self-settling cylinders worked well for predicting burial by depth below the ambient seabed for (0.5 m) diameter mines in fine sand at both sites. By including or excluding scour pit infilling, a range of percent burial by surface area was predicted that was also consistent with observations. Rapid scour pit infilling was often seen at MVCO but never at IRB, suggesting that the environmental presence of fine sediment plays a key role in promoting infilling. Overprediction of mine scour in coarse sand was corrected by assuming a mine within a field of large ripples buries only until it generates no more turbulence than that produced by surrounding bedforms. The feasibility of using a regional wave model to predict mine burial in both hindcast and real-time forecast mode was tested using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, Washington, DC) WaveWatch 3 (WW3) model. Hindcast waves were adequate for useful operational forcing of mine burial predictions, but five-day wave forecasts introduced large errors. This investigation was part of a larger effort to develop simple yet reliable predictions of mine burial suitable for addressing the operational needs of the U.S. Navy.

/pdf/predicting-seabed-burial-of-cylinders-by-wave-induced-scour-mdcn1s9iz7.pdf

Predicting Seabed Burial of Cylinders by Wave-Induced Scour: Application to the Sandy Inner Shelf Off Florida and Massachusetts

Deep Learning has proven to be an effective method for making highly accurate predictions from complex data sources. Convolutional neural networks continue to dominate image classification problems and recursive neural networks have proven their utility in caption generation and language translations. While these approaches are powerful, they do not offer explanation for how the output is generated. Without understanding how deep learning arrives at a solution there is no guarantee that these networks will transition from controlled laboratory environments to fieldable systems. This paper presents an approach for incorporating such rule based methodology into neural networks by embedding fuzzy inference systems into deep learning networks.

Paul A. Elmore

Papers

The entrainment of bubbles by drop impacts

A review of heterogeneous sediments in coastal environments

Soft likelihood functions in combining evidence

Predicting Seabed Burial of Cylinders by Wave-Induced Scour: Application to the Sandy Inner Shelf Off Florida and Massachusetts

An approach to explainable deep learning using fuzzy inference