Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity

A decrease in the abundance and biodiversity of intestinal bacteria within the dominant phylum Firmicutes has been observed repeatedly in Crohn disease (CD) patients. In this study, we determined the composition of the mucosa-associated microbiota of CD patients at the time of surgical resection and 6 months later using FISH analysis. We found that a reduction of a major member of Firmicutes, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, is associated with a higher risk of postoperative recurrence of ileal CD. A lower proportion of F. prausnitzii on resected ileal Crohn mucosa also was associated with endoscopic recurrence at 6 months. To evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of F. prausnitzii we analyzed the anti-inflammatory effects of F. prausnitzii in both in vitro (cellular models) and in vivo [2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced] colitis in mice. In Caco-2 cells transfected with a reporter gene for NF-kappaB activity, F. prausnitzii had no effect on IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB activity, whereas the supernatant abolished it. In vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell stimulation by F. prausnitzii led to significantly lower IL-12 and IFN-gamma production levels and higher secretion of IL-10. Oral administration of either live F. prausnitzii or its supernatant markedly reduced the severity of TNBS colitis and tended to correct the dysbiosis associated with TNBS colitis, as demonstrated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. F. prausnitzii exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on cellular and TNBS colitis models, partly due to secreted metabolites able to block NF-kappaB activation and IL-8 production. These results suggest that counterbalancing dysbiosis using F. prausnitzii as a probiotic is a promising strategy in CD treatment.

/pdf/faecalibacterium-prausnitzii-is-an-anti-inflammatory-389ys91ar1.pdf

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients

Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences

Earnings Management and Investor Protection: An International Comparison

The received wisdom tells us that the rigidity and inflexibility of European job markets relative to that in the United States is the reason why Europe has high unemployment. This paper argues that this broad brush analysis is simply too vague to be useful. Indeed it is probably positively misleading. Many labor market institutions that conventionally come under the heading of rigidities have no observable impact on unemployment and may otherwise serve a useful purpose.

/pdf/unemployment-and-labor-market-rigidities-europe-versus-north-36wz94j1se.pdf

Unemployment and Labor Market Rigidities: Europe versus North America

International encyclopedia of business and management

How Much do Employers Spend on Training? an Assessment of The ‘Training in Britain’ Estimates

16 samples of Ordovician basic volcanic rocks of the South Connemara Group, which abut the southern side of the metamorphic rocks of the Connemara massif in western Ireland, have been analysed for both major and trace elements. Although subject to low grade regional metamorphism and subsequently hornfelsed by the Galway Granite (400 Ma), their immobile element contents do not appear to be significantly disturbed. These elements characterise the metabasites of the South Connemara Group as ocean floor basalts having their origins in a marginal basin. The Skird Rocks Fault, separating the South Connemara Group from high grade metamorphic rocks of the Connemara massif, is consequently regarded as the northern margin of the vestiges of the lapetus Ocean which can be traced into, and along, the Southern Uplands Fault.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0016756800025292

The petrochemistry of the basic volcanic rocks of the South Connemara Group (Ordovician), western Ireland

https://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~conallm/Orocline.pdf

Oroclinal bending in the Caledonides of western Ireland: a mid-Palaeozoic feature controlled by a pre-existing structural grain

The central issue in dispute is the relative merit of occupational and internal labour markets for youth opportunities, and for skill retention and employee motivation in general. We stress the critical importance of ‘rate for job rules’ in ILMs in regulating youth entry in Western countries, and suggest some reasons consistent with our basic argument why ILMs may avoid these in Japan. ILMs in Europe and the USA have generally produced lower-quality training and created serious problems for redeployment, without necessarily enhancing efficiency. We suggest that, under YTS, the transfer of government subsidy to trainees was more apparent than real.

Paul Ryan

Papers

International encyclopedia of business and management

How Much do Employers Spend on Training? an Assessment of The ‘Training in Britain’ Estimates

The petrochemistry of the basic volcanic rocks of the South Connemara Group (Ordovician), western Ireland

Oroclinal bending in the Caledonides of western Ireland: a mid-Palaeozoic feature controlled by a pre-existing structural grain

Institutional Aspects of Youth Employment and Training Policy: Reply