抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

https://www.tau.ac.il/%7Eklafter1/258.pdf

The random walk's guide to anomalous diffusion: a fractional dynamics approach

We will review some of the major results in random graphs and some of the more challenging open problems. We will cover algorithmic and structural questions. We will touch on newer models, including those related to the WWW.

Random graphs

Statistics for Spatial Data.

Intrinsic Variability of the Vela Pulsar: Lognormal Statistics and Theoretical Implications

Deconvolution of neural dynamics from fMRI data using a spatiotemporal hemodynamic response function

The first numerical calculations are presented for type III solar radio bursts in the inhomogeneous solar corona and interplanetary medium that include microscale quasilinear and nonlinear processes, intermediate-scale driven ambient density fluctuations, and large-scale evolution of electron beams, Langmuir and ion-sound waves, and fundamental and harmonic electromagnetic emission. Bidirectional coronal radiation driven by oppositely directed beams is asymmetric between the upward and downward directions due to downward beam narrowing in velocity space, and harmonic emission dominates fundamental emission, consistent with observations and theoretical analysis. In the interplanetary medium, fundamental and/or harmonic emission can be important depending on beam parameters and plasma conditions. Furthermore, Langmuir waves are bursty, ion-sound waves also show some degree of irregularity, while electromagnetic radiations are relatively smooth, all qualitatively consistent with observations. Moreover, the s...

Numerical modeling of type III solar radio bursts in the inhomogeneous solar corona and interplanetary medium

Type III solar radio bursts are investigated by modeling the propagation of the electron beam and the generation and subsequent propagation of waves to the observer. Predictions from this model are compared in detail with particle, Langmuir wave, and radio data from the International Sun Earth Explorer-3 (ISSE-3) spacecraft and with other observations to clarify the roles of fundamental and harmonic emission in type III radio bursts. Langmuir waves are seen only after the arrival of the beam, in accord with the standard theory. These waves persist after a positive beam slope is last resolved, implying that sporadic positive slopes persist for some time, unresolved but in accord with the predictions of stochastic growth theory. Local electromagnetic emission sets in only after Langmuir waves are seen, in accord with the standard theory, which relies on nonlinear processes involving Langmuir waves. In the events investigated here, fundamental radiation appears to dominate early in the event, followed and/or accompanied by harmonic radiation after the peak, with a long-lived tail of multiply scattered fundamental or harmonic emission extending long afterwards. These results are largely independent of, but generally consistent with, the conclusions of earlier works.

Fundamental and harmonic radiation in type III solar radio bursts

The propagation of multiple electron beams in a plasma and the generation of Langmuir waves via a streaming instability is investigated numerically using quasilinear theory. The generation of waves by two equal copropagating beams injected at different times is studied in detail. The two beams are observed merging into one far from the injection points. Meanwhile, waves are enhanced in the vicinity of the mean beam speed of the leading beam, and are suppressed in a localized region after the injection of the trailing beam. Effects of beam injection parameters on the generation of the waves are studied. In particular, for the injection of two beams, the temperature, initial number density, and location of the injected particles are found to be relevant to fine structures in wave levels. It is also observed that the mechanism of beam merging is via interactions between beam particles and associated waves, i.e., fast particles in a trailing beam lose energy to waves generated initially by the leading beam, while slow particles in the leading beam absorb energy from waves driven by the trailing beam, which eventually leads to the elimination of systematic speed differences between the two beams. This mechanism of energy exchange generalizes the version studied in previous works, in which fast particles in a single beam lose energy that is later reabsorbed by slower particles. The characteristics of wave generation for multiple beam injections are found to be similar to the basic case of two beams. Finally, the applicability of this work to type III solar radio storms and shock associated type III-like bursts is commented upon.

Peter A. Robinson

Papers

Intrinsic Variability of the Vela Pulsar: Lognormal Statistics and Theoretical Implications

Deconvolution of neural dynamics from fMRI data using a spatiotemporal hemodynamic response function

Numerical modeling of type III solar radio bursts in the inhomogeneous solar corona and interplanetary medium

Fundamental and harmonic radiation in type III solar radio bursts

Multiple electron beam propagation and Langmuir wave generation in plasmas