抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

https://www.tau.ac.il/%7Eklafter1/258.pdf

The random walk's guide to anomalous diffusion: a fractional dynamics approach

We will review some of the major results in random graphs and some of the more challenging open problems. We will cover algorithmic and structural questions. We will touch on newer models, including those related to the WWW.

Random graphs

Statistics for Spatial Data.

A model of the spatiotemporal evolution of urban areas is developed that simultaneously includes the effects on household utility of geography, population density, income distribution, and household preference for characteristics of dwellings and neighbors. The result is a utility function whose structure is similar to that of the energy of interacting spin systems in external fields. Spatiotemporal housing market evolution then results via transactions driven by increases in utility and changes in numbers of households and dwellings. It is shown that the model successfully predicts formation of monocentric and polycentric urban areas, stratification by wealth, segregation due to preferences for housing or neighbors, and the balance of supply and demand. These results go well beyond those of prior models that each dealt with subsets of these phenomena, and do so within a single, unified framework. Potential generalizations are discussed and further applications are suggested.

/pdf/spatiotemporal-evolution-of-urban-populations-and-housing-a-1hy6sa8n.pdf

Spatiotemporal evolution of urban populations and housing: A dynamic utility-driven market-mediated model

Physiologically based neural field theory of the corticothalamic system is used to calculate the responses evoked by trains of auditory stimuli that correspond to different cortical locations via the tonotopic map. The results are shown to account for standard and deviant evoked responses to frequent and rare stimuli, respectively, in the auditory oddball paradigms widely used in human cognitive studies, and the so-called mismatch negativity between them. It also reproduces a wide range of other effects and variants, including the mechanism by which a change in standard responses relative to deviants can develop through adaptation, different responses when two deviants are presented in a row or a standard is presented after two deviants, relaxation of standard responses back to deviant form after a stimulus-free period, and more complex sequences. Some cases are identified in which adaptation does not account for the whole difference between standard and deviant responses. The results thus provide a systematic means to determine how much of the response is due to adaptation in the system comprising the primary auditory cortex and medial geniculate nucleus, and how much requires involvement of higher-level processing.

/pdf/neural-field-theory-of-evoked-response-sequences-and-4me2ybs861.pdf

Neural Field Theory of Evoked Response Sequences and Mismatch Negativity With Adaptation.

Neural field theory is used to predict the functional connectivity effects of lesions or other modifications to effective connectivity. Widespread initial changes are predicted after localized or diffuse changes to white or gray matter, consistent with observations, and enabling lesion severity indexes to be defined. It is shown how short-term homeostasis and longer-term plasticity can reduce perturbations while maintaining brain criticality under conditions where some connections remain fixed because of damage in the lesion core. The extent to which such effects can compensate for initial connectivity changes is then explored, showing that the strongest corrective changes are concentrated toward the edges of the perturbation if it is localized and its core is fixed. The results are applicable to inferring underlying connectivity changes and to interpreting and monitoring functional connectivity modifications after lesions, injury, surgery, drugs, or brain stimulation.

Neural field theory of effects of brain modifications and lesions on functional connectivity: Acute effects, short-term homeostasis, and long-term plasticity.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews recent studies of the mechanisms underlying the onset, evolution and termination of primary generalized seizures in a unified way using a physiologically-based model of the brain's dynamics and illustrate the resulting agreement with data. In doing this, it discusses the model's stability properties and bifurcations where the model undergoes a sudden change in dynamics such as a switch from steady state to periodic behavior. Non-linear instabilities and bifurcations in large-scale neural activity may be of special significance to brain dynamics: depending on the context, timing and extent, such phenomenon may be either adaptive—allowing flexible switches in cognition or behavior—or disruptive, such as at the onset of a generalized seizure. This chapter presents an overview of the model used in the work that is described, and then outlines its stability properties. Following this, it explains how the model has been applied to analyze the dynamics and bifurcation properties of absence and tonic-clonic seizures with comparison to EEG data. Finally, it discusses how the two generalized seizures have been interrelated in this unified perspective.

Unified Modeling and Analysis of Primary Generalized Seizures

The basic objectives of this NASA Grant are to develop theoretical understandings (tested with spacecraft data) of the generation and characteristics of electron plasma waves, commonly known as Langmuir-like waves, and associated radiation near f(sub p) and 2f(sub p) in planetary foreshocks. (Here f(sub p) is plasma frequency.) Related waves and radiation in the source regions of interplanetary type III solar radio bursts provide a simpler observational and theoretical context for developing and testing such understandings. Accordingly, applications to type III bursts constitute a significant fraction of the research effort. The testing of the new Stochastic Growth Theory (SGT) for type III bursts, and its extension and testing for foreshock waves and radiation, constitutes a major longterm strategic goal of the research effort.

/pdf/langmuir-like-waves-and-radiation-in-planetary-foreshocks-3t96fszfe2.pdf

Peter A. Robinson

Papers

Spatiotemporal evolution of urban populations and housing: A dynamic utility-driven market-mediated model

Neural Field Theory of Evoked Response Sequences and Mismatch Negativity With Adaptation.

Neural field theory of effects of brain modifications and lesions on functional connectivity: Acute effects, short-term homeostasis, and long-term plasticity.

Unified Modeling and Analysis of Primary Generalized Seizures

Langmuir-like waves and radiation in planetary foreshocks