世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf

The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?

This paper analyzes the role of wealth distribution in macroeconomics through investment in human capital. It is shown that in the presence of credit markets' imperfections and indivisibilities in investment in human capital, the initial distribution of wealth affects aggregate output and investment both in the short and in the long run, as there are multiple steady states. This paper therefore provides an additional explanation for the persistent differences in per-capita output across countries. Furthermore, the paper shows that cross-country differences in macroeconomic adjustment to aggregate shocks can be attributed, among other factors, to differences in wealth and income distribution across countries.

/pdf/income-distribution-and-macroeconomics-1a56oblrfr.pdf

Income Distribution and Macroeconomics

We investigate whether income inequality affects subsequent growth in a cross-country sample for 1965-90, using the models of Barro (1997), Bleaney and Nishiyama (2002) and Sachs and Warner (1997), with negative results. We then investigate the evolution of income inequality over the same period and its correlation with growth. The dominating feature is inequality convergence across countries. This convergence has been significantly faster amongst developed countries. Growth does not appear to influence the evolution of inequality over time. Outline

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/81822/1/02-28.pdf

Economic growth and income inequality

Seventeenth and eighteenth century America saw relatively egalitarian and stable aggregate wealth concentration. During the first half of the nineteenth century, in contrast, there was a marked rise in wealth concentration. The period from the Civil War to the Great Depression was also one of stability in wealth concentration, but it was characterized by substantially greater inequality than had prevailed in the colonial era. During the second quarter of the twentieth century, wealth inequality again decreased so that inequality of wealth-holding today resembles what it was on the eve of the Declaration of Independence. Those who would argue, therefore, that the degree of wealth inequality i s some sort of eternal constant will be uncomfortable with the Williamson-Lindert findings.

Long-Term Trends in American Wealth Inequality

New soil data show mixed and sometimes unexpected trends in China’s tilled soils since the 1930s. Organic matter and nitrogen have declined, although more so in the populous east than in the famous erosion-prone areas. Other soil nutrients and pH have improved. The economic consequences of these changes are weighed using simultaneous-equation estimates on 1980s data. China’s average quality of agricultural topsoil has probably not declined since the 1930s. In most regions the expansion of China’s agriculture is soil-conserving. Rising incomes and industrialization may improve the soil endowment by causing shifts to soil-preserving products and practices. I. Concern about Soil Trends Conventional GDP measures misrepresent human progress by failing to value the depletion or accumulation of natural resources. There is a growing global awareness that any net resource depletion needs to be correctly measured, priced, and kept to a rate consistent with sustainable growth. Fears that economic growth cannot be sustained focus on the soil, as well as on biodiversity and on our atmospheric, forest, and mineral resources. As long as the world’s farmers keep ‘‘losing ground’’ to soil degradation and to urban-industrial use, food supplies may be threatened. The Rio Summit’s ‘‘Agenda 21’’ platform in 1992 warned that massive erosion is causing rapid loss in the fertile soil of our planet. Global maps now chart the severity of human degradation of the soil and measures of annual rates of soil loss. Official global measures of the economic value of these losses are forthcoming. 1 China stands in the spotlight of global soil-trend concerns. It has always been threatened with severe wind and water erosion, especially in the arid north and the mountain areas. China’s heroic conservation efforts, such as the Great Green Wall on the loess plateau of Shaanxi Prov

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.1086/452429.pdf

The Bad Earth? China's Soils and Agricultural Development since the 1930s

English living standards population growth and Wrigley-Schofield.

An Algorithm for Probate Sampling THE LURE There they are, those enticing probate inventories, awaiting us in the archives. Using them with care and imagination, historians can either sketch individual lives or build aggregate estimates. The inventories allow us to peer into the pantries and portfolios of individuals who died long ago. We can use such guided tours to add color and clarity to our sketches of prototypical individuals representing whole classes, as Main has done for the classes of Revolutionary America and as Power did (using wills and other documents) for her Medieval People. Biographical footnotes on historic figures also emerge from their inventories. The ?31,821 i6s. Iod. left by Sir Isaac Newton in 1727 consisted mainly of large holdings of stock in the Bank of England and the South Sea Company (even after the famous Bubble of 1720), although the appraisers' house tour also reveals lavish furnishings, boxes of scientific instruments, wines, and a mountain of books. Over a third of David Ricardo's personal estate of about ?300,000 consisted of French rentes and share auctioned in Paris in 1823 to help settle his estate. Charles Dickens was also an international investor, holding American shares and Russian bonds along with copyrights in several countries at the time he left ?129,542 I3s. 4d. in 1870. By contrast, little money (?300) and not even a will was left by Dickens's contemporary, Karl Marx, who was re-

Peter H. Lindert

Papers

Long-Term Trends in American Wealth Inequality

The Bad Earth? China's Soils and Agricultural Development since the 1930s

English living standards population growth and Wrigley-Schofield.

An Algorithm for Probate Sampling

Sketching the Rise of Real Inequality in Early Modern Europe