世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf

The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?

This paper analyzes the role of wealth distribution in macroeconomics through investment in human capital. It is shown that in the presence of credit markets' imperfections and indivisibilities in investment in human capital, the initial distribution of wealth affects aggregate output and investment both in the short and in the long run, as there are multiple steady states. This paper therefore provides an additional explanation for the persistent differences in per-capita output across countries. Furthermore, the paper shows that cross-country differences in macroeconomic adjustment to aggregate shocks can be attributed, among other factors, to differences in wealth and income distribution across countries.

/pdf/income-distribution-and-macroeconomics-1a56oblrfr.pdf

Income Distribution and Macroeconomics

We investigate whether income inequality affects subsequent growth in a cross-country sample for 1965-90, using the models of Barro (1997), Bleaney and Nishiyama (2002) and Sachs and Warner (1997), with negative results. We then investigate the evolution of income inequality over the same period and its correlation with growth. The dominating feature is inequality convergence across countries. This convergence has been significantly faster amongst developed countries. Growth does not appear to influence the evolution of inequality over time. Outline

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/81822/1/02-28.pdf

Economic growth and income inequality

2 Historical Patterns of Agricultural Policy

Building social tables in the tradition of Gregory King, we develop new estimates suggesting that between 1774 and 1800 American incomes fell in real per capita terms. The colonial South was richer than the North at the start, but was already beginning to lose its income lead by 1800. We also find that free American colonists had much more equal incomes than did households in England and Wales. The colonists also had greater purchasing power than their English counterparts over all of the income ranks except in the top few percent.

American Incomes Before and after the Revolution

Social Transfers Hardly Affected Growth

Is inequality largely the result of the Industrial Revolution? Or, were pre-industrial incomes as unequal as they are today? This article infers inequality across individuals within each of the 28 preindustrial societies, for which data were available, using what are known as social tables. It applies two new concepts: the inequality possibility frontier and the inequality extraction ratio. They compare the observed income inequality to the maximum feasible inequality that, at a given level of income, might have been extracted’ by those in power. The results give new insights into the connection between inequality and economic development in the very long run. 1. Exploring Inequality in Pre-industrial Societies

Pre-industrial i nequality*

W e are pleased that our February i983 article drew the attention of Michael Flinn,1 and welcome this chance to elaborate on the points he raises. While Flinn has not challenged our main conclusions, he has challenged our turning-point. He suggests that the real-wage turning point was almost a decade earlier, and that most real wage gains had been achieved before I 825. The debate over turning-points hangs on the choice of benchmark years for unstable prices, rather than on the more stable nominal wage rates. Flinn believes that our nominal wage series (w) should be deflated by a smoothed, multi-year price index (p), thus: deflate i8io(w) by i809/iI(p), deflate i8I5(w) by i8I4/I7(p), and deflate i835(w) by i833/37(p). When we do so, however, the following "new" real-wage trends emerge ("All blue collar", i850 = I00.0):

Peter H. Lindert

Papers

2 Historical Patterns of Agricultural Policy

American Incomes Before and after the Revolution

Social Transfers Hardly Affected Growth

Pre-industrial i nequality*

Reply to Michael Flinn