抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

▪ Abstract Among the heavy metal-binding ligands in plant cells the phytochelatins (PCs) and metallothioneins (MTs) are the best characterized. PCs and MTs are different classes of cysteine-rich, heavy metal-binding protein molecules. PCs are enzymatically synthesized peptides, whereas MTs are gene-encoded polypeptides. Recently, genes encoding the enzyme PC synthase have been identified in plants and other species while the completion of the Arabidopsis genome sequence has allowed the identification of the entire suite of MT genes in a higher plant. Recent advances in understanding the regulation of PC biosynthesis and MT gene expression and the possible roles of PCs and MTs in heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis are reviewed.

PHYTOCHELATINS AND METALLOTHIONEINS: Roles in Heavy Metal Detoxification and Homeostasis

https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2978611/view

Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities.

Preface.- Contributors.- List of Abbreviations.- Section 1: Basic Principles: Introduction.-Sources of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils.- Chemistry of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils.- Methods for the Determination of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils.- Effects of Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Soil Organisms.- Soil-Plant Relationships of Heavy Metals and Metalloids.- Heavy Metals and Metalloids as Micronutrients for Plants and Animals.-Critical Loads of Heavy Metals for Soils.- Section 2: Key Heavy Metals And Metalloids: Arsenic.- Cadmium.- Chromium and Nickel.- Cobalt and Manganese.- Copper.-Lead.- Mercury.- Selenium.- Zinc.- Section 3: Other Heavy Metals And Metalloids Of Potential Environmental Significance: Antimony.- Barium.- Gold.- Molybdenum.- Silver.- Thallium.- Tin.- Tungsten.- Uranium.- Vanadium.- Glossary of Specialized Terms.- Index.

Heavy metals in soils : trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability

Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis

Abstract C16H15NO5, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 6.7689(5) Å, b = 45.219(3) Å, c = 10.1102(6) Å, β = 101.360(7)°, V = 3033.9(4) Å3, T = 298(2) K.

Crystal structure of 2-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-2-oxoacetic acid, C16H15NO5

How Do Recent and Historic Anthropic Changes Affect the Diversity of Earthworms in Amazonian Soils?

https://journals.iucr.org/x/issues/2018/03/00/hb4216/hb4216.pdf

5-Bromo-1-(4-bromo­phen­yl)isatin

Potential Use of Wastewater from Passenger Ships to Estimate the Import Rate of COVID-19 and Other Viruses Across Maritime International Boundaries

The ability to detect small metallic nanoparticles by optical microscopy inside environmentally relevant species may have a wide impact for ecotoxicology studies. Here, we demonstrate four-wave mixing microscopy on individual small gold nanoparticles inside the hepatopancreas of Oniscus Asellus, a terrestrial isopod, which ingests metals found in the soil. After the exposure to food containing 10 nm radius gold nanoparticles, hepatopancreas tubules were collected, and nanoparticles were imaged by four-wave mixing microscopy with high contrast, locating them with sub-cellular resolution in the volume, despite the significant light scattering from these multi-cellular organs. Notably, the ultrafast dynamics of the four-wave-mixing non-linearity of gold nanoparticles resonantly excited and probed at their localized surface plasmon allows them to be distinguished from other metal deposits in the hepatopancreas, which manifest as a long-lived photothermal contrast. Our findings bring unexpected insight into the location of gold nanoparticles in relation to the cell types forming the hepatopancreas. Considering its simplicity, volumetric imaging capabilities, specificity, and compatibility with living cell studies, four-wave mixing microscopy holds great potential to investigate the fate of metal nanoparticles inside biological systems.

https://pubs.aip.org/aip/apl/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/5.0140651/16821314/153701_1_5.0140651.pdf

Peter Kille

Papers

Crystal structure of 2-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-2-oxoacetic acid, C16H15NO5

How Do Recent and Historic Anthropic Changes Affect the Diversity of Earthworms in Amazonian Soils?

5-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl)isatin

Potential Use of Wastewater from Passenger Ships to Estimate the Import Rate of COVID-19 and Other Viruses Across Maritime International Boundaries

Background-free four-wave mixing microscopy of small gold nanoparticles inside a multi-cellular organ

Peter Kille

Papers

Crystal structure of 2-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-2-oxoacetic acid, C16H15NO5

How Do Recent and Historic Anthropic Changes Affect the Diversity of Earthworms in Amazonian Soils?

5-Bromo-1-(4-bromo­phen­yl)isatin

Potential Use of Wastewater from Passenger Ships to Estimate the Import Rate of COVID-19 and Other Viruses Across Maritime International Boundaries

Background-free four-wave mixing microscopy of small gold nanoparticles inside a multi-cellular organ

5-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl)isatin